Support wildcards in credHelpers (#592 )

* Support wildcards in `credHelpers` With #591 `tart pull` fails when for example you have `ecr-login` set as the default `credsStore` but you try to pull our images from `ghcr.io`. This change reverts #591 and instead supports regex in `credHelpers`. This is not supported by Docker itself but highly demanded in https://github.com/docker/cli/issues/2928 I think it's fine to support it for Tart. Additionally this change bumps the minimum host macOS version to Ventura in order to bring `Regex`. Yes, `Regex` only supported in Swift for macOS 13+ 🤦‍♂️I think it's fine in the light of Sonoma release and Tart 2.0.0. * Removed Monterey mentions from docs
Support Docker's credsStore (#591 )
2026-10-01 19:51:10 +02:00 · 2023-08-28 11:37:49 -04:00 · 2023-08-21 19:44:35 +00:00 · 2023-08-16 04:04:52 -04:00 · 2023-08-15 19:47:25 +04:00 · 2023-08-15 11:25:30 +00:00
166 changed files with 5927 additions and 2446 deletions
@@ -5,7 +5,12 @@ set -e
 export VERSION="${CIRRUS_TAG:-0}"

 mkdir -p .ci/pkg/
-cp .build/arm64-apple-macosx/debug/tart .ci/pkg/
-pkgbuild --root .ci/pkg --version $VERSION --install-location /usr/local/bin/ --identifier com.github.cirruslabs.tart --sign "Developer ID Installer: Fedor Korotkov (9M2P8L4D89)" "./dist/Tart-$VERSION.pkg"
-xcrun notarytool submit "./dist/Tart-$VERSION.pkg" --keychain-profile "notarytool" --wait
-xcrun stapler staple "./dist/Tart-$VERSION.pkg"
+cp .build/arm64-apple-macosx/release/tart .ci/pkg/tart
+cp Resources/embedded.provisionprofile .ci/pkg/embedded.provisionprofile
+pkgbuild --root .ci/pkg/ --identifier com.github.cirruslabs.tart --version $VERSION \
+  --scripts .ci/pkg/scripts \
+  --install-location "/Library/Application Support/Tart" \
+  --sign "Developer ID Installer: Cirrus Labs, Inc. (9M2P8L4D89)" \
+  "./.ci/Tart-$VERSION.pkg"
+xcrun notarytool submit "./.ci/Tart-$VERSION.pkg" --keychain-profile "notarytool" --wait
+xcrun stapler staple "./.ci/Tart-$VERSION.pkg"
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+set -e
+
+# fix structure
+mkdir -p "$2/tart.app/Contents/MacOS"
+mv "$2/tart" "$2/tart.app/Contents/MacOS/tart"
+mv "$2/embedded.provisionprofile" "$2/tart.app/Contents/embedded.provisionprofile"
+
+echo "#!/bin/sh" > /usr/local/bin/tart
+echo "exec '$2/tart.app/Contents/MacOS/tart' \"\$@\"" >> /usr/local/bin/tart
+
+chmod +x /usr/local/bin/tart
@@ -1,28 +1,69 @@
-task:
-  name: Test on Ventura
-  persistent_worker:
-    labels:
-      name: Mac-Mini-M1
-  build_script: swift test
-  test_script: swift test
+use_compute_credits: true
+
+env: 
+  XCODE_TAG: 15-beta-5

 task:
-  name: Build
-  only_if: $CIRRUS_TAG == ''
+  name: Test on Ventura
+  alias: test
+  use_compute_credits: $CIRRUS_USER_COLLABORATOR == 'true'
+  persistent_worker:
+    labels:
+      name: dev-mini
+  test_script:
+    - swift test
+  integration_test_script:
+    # Build Tart
+    - swift build
+    - codesign --sign - --entitlements Resources/tart-dev.entitlements --force .build/debug/tart
+    - export PATH=$(pwd)/.build/arm64-apple-macosx/debug:$PATH
+    # Run integration tests
+    - cd integration-tests
+    - HOMEBREW_NO_AUTO_UPDATE=1 brew install virtualenv
+    - virtualenv venv
+    - source venv/bin/activate
+    - pip install -r requirements.txt
+    - pytest --verbose --junit-xml=pytest-junit.xml
+  pytest_junit_result_artifacts:
+    path: "integration-tests/pytest-junit.xml"
+    format: junit
+
+task:
+  name: Lint
+  alias: lint
+  use_compute_credits: $CIRRUS_USER_COLLABORATOR == 'true'
  macos_instance:
-    image: ghcr.io/cirruslabs/macos-ventura-xcode:latest
+    image: ghcr.io/cirruslabs/macos-ventura-xcode:$XCODE_TAG
+  lint_script:
+    - swift package plugin --allow-writing-to-package-directory swiftformat --cache ignore --lint --report swiftformat.json .
+  always:
+    swiftformat_report_artifacts:
+      path: swiftformat.json
+      format: swiftformat
+
+task:
+  only_if: $CIRRUS_TAG == ''
+  name: Build
+  alias: build
+  use_compute_credits: $CIRRUS_USER_COLLABORATOR == 'true'
+  macos_instance:
+    image: ghcr.io/cirruslabs/macos-ventura-xcode:$XCODE_TAG
  build_script: swift build --product tart
-  sign_script: codesign --sign - --entitlements Resources/tart.entitlements --force .build/debug/tart
+  sign_script: codesign --sign - --entitlements Resources/tart-dev.entitlements --force .build/debug/tart
  binary_artifacts:
    path: .build/debug/tart

 task:
-  name: Release
-  only_if: $CIRRUS_TAG != ''
+  only_if: $CIRRUS_TAG == '' && ($CIRRUS_USER_PERMISSION == 'write' || $CIRRUS_USER_PERMISSION == 'admin')
+  name: Release (Dry Run)
+  depends_on:
+    - lint
+    - build
+  use_compute_credits: $CIRRUS_USER_COLLABORATOR == 'true'
  macos_instance:
-    image: ghcr.io/cirruslabs/macos-ventura-xcode:latest
+    image: ghcr.io/cirruslabs/macos-ventura-xcode:$XCODE_TAG
  env:
-    MACOS_CERTIFICATE: ENCRYPTED[8a6930a8c1286e7e536ea41b7647ea40e99174ad15e9cfcc753754fea55a619b355415629dff515b54a8921643e314e5]
+    MACOS_CERTIFICATE: ENCRYPTED[552b9d275d1c2bdbc1bff778b104a8f9a53cbd0d59344d4b7f6d0ca3c811a5cefb97bef9ba0ef31c219cb07bdacdd2c2]
    AC_PASSWORD: ENCRYPTED[4a761023e7e06fe2eb350c8b6e8e7ca961af193cb9ba47605f25f1d353abc3142606f412e405be48fd897a78787ea8c2]
    GITHUB_TOKEN: ENCRYPTED[!98ace8259c6024da912c14d5a3c5c6aac186890a8d4819fad78f3e0c41a4e0cd3a2537dd6e91493952fb056fa434be7c!]
    GORELEASER_KEY: ENCRYPTED[!9b80b6ef684ceaf40edd4c7af93014ee156c8aba7e6e5795f41c482729887b5c31f36b651491d790f1f668670888d9fd!]
@@ -35,11 +76,80 @@ task:
    - security import certificate.p12 -k build.keychain -P password101 -T /usr/bin/codesign -T /usr/bin/pkgbuild
    - security set-key-partition-list -S apple-tool:,apple:,codesign: -s -k password101 build.keychain
    - xcrun notarytool store-credentials "notarytool" --apple-id "hello@cirruslabs.org" --team-id "9M2P8L4D89" --password $AC_PASSWORD
+  install_script:
+    - brew install go goreleaser/tap/goreleaser-pro getsentry/tools/sentry-cli
+    - brew install mitchellh/gon/gon
+  info_script:
+    - security find-identity -v
+    - xcodebuild -version
+    - swift -version
+  goreleaser_script: goreleaser release --skip-publish --snapshot --clean
+  always:
+    dist_artifacts:
+      path: "dist/*"
+
+task:
+  name: Release
+  only_if: $CIRRUS_TAG != ''
+  depends_on:
+    - lint
+    - test
+    - build
+  use_compute_credits: $CIRRUS_USER_COLLABORATOR == 'true'
+  macos_instance:
+    image: ghcr.io/cirruslabs/macos-ventura-xcode:$XCODE_TAG
+  env:
+    MACOS_CERTIFICATE: ENCRYPTED[552b9d275d1c2bdbc1bff778b104a8f9a53cbd0d59344d4b7f6d0ca3c811a5cefb97bef9ba0ef31c219cb07bdacdd2c2]
+    AC_PASSWORD: ENCRYPTED[4a761023e7e06fe2eb350c8b6e8e7ca961af193cb9ba47605f25f1d353abc3142606f412e405be48fd897a78787ea8c2]
+    GITHUB_TOKEN: ENCRYPTED[!98ace8259c6024da912c14d5a3c5c6aac186890a8d4819fad78f3e0c41a4e0cd3a2537dd6e91493952fb056fa434be7c!]
+    GORELEASER_KEY: ENCRYPTED[!9b80b6ef684ceaf40edd4c7af93014ee156c8aba7e6e5795f41c482729887b5c31f36b651491d790f1f668670888d9fd!]
+    SENTRY_ORG: cirrus-labs
+    SENTRY_PROJECT: persistent-workers
+    SENTRY_AUTH_TOKEN: ENCRYPTED[!c16a5cf7da5f856b4bc2f21fe8cb7aa2a6c981f851c094ed4d3025fd02ea59a58a86cee8b193a69a1fc20fa217e56ac3!]
+  setup_script:
+    - cd $HOME
+    - echo $MACOS_CERTIFICATE | base64 --decode > certificate.p12
+    - security create-keychain -p password101 build.keychain
+    - security default-keychain -s build.keychain
+    - security unlock-keychain -p password101 build.keychain
+    - security import certificate.p12 -k build.keychain -P password101 -T /usr/bin/codesign -T /usr/bin/pkgbuild
+    - security set-key-partition-list -S apple-tool:,apple:,codesign: -s -k password101 build.keychain
+    - xcrun notarytool store-credentials "notarytool" --apple-id "hello@cirruslabs.org" --team-id "9M2P8L4D89" --password $AC_PASSWORD
  install_script: 
-    - brew install go goreleaser/tap/goreleaser-pro
+    - brew install go goreleaser/tap/goreleaser-pro getsentry/tools/sentry-cli
    - brew install mitchellh/gon/gon
  info_script:
    - security find-identity -v
    - xcodebuild -version
    - swift -version
  release_script: goreleaser
+  upload_sentry_debug_files_script:
+    - cd .build/arm64-apple-macosx/release/
+    # Generate and upload symbols
+    - dsymutil tart
+    - sentry-cli debug-files upload tart.dSYM/
+    - SENTRY_PROJECT=tart sentry-cli debug-files upload tart.dSYM/
+    # Bundle and upload sources
+    - sentry-cli debug-files bundle-sources tart.dSYM
+    - sentry-cli debug-files upload tart.src.zip
+    - SENTRY_PROJECT=tart sentry-cli debug-files upload tart.src.zip
+  create_sentry_release_script:
+    - export SENTRY_RELEASE="tart@$CIRRUS_TAG"
+    - sentry-cli releases new $SENTRY_RELEASE
+    - sentry-cli releases set-commits $SENTRY_RELEASE --auto
+    - sentry-cli releases finalize $SENTRY_RELEASE
+
+task:
+  name: Deploy Documentation
+  only_if: $CIRRUS_BRANCH == 'main'
+  use_compute_credits: $CIRRUS_USER_COLLABORATOR == 'true'
+  container:
+    image: ghcr.io/cirruslabs/mkdocs-material-insiders:latest
+    registry_config: ENCRYPTED[!cf1a0f25325aa75bad3ce6ebc890bc53eb0044c02efa70d8cefb83ba9766275a994b4831706c52630a0692b2fa9cfb9e!]
+  env:
+    DEPLOY_TOKEN: ENCRYPTED[!45ed45666558902ed1c2400add734ec063103bec31841847e8c8764802fca229bfa6d85c690e16ad159e047574b48793!]
+  deploy_script: 
+    - git config --global user.name "Cirrus CI"
+    - git config --global user.name "hello@cirruslabs.org"
+    - git remote set-url origin https://$DEPLOY_TOKEN@github.com/cirruslabs/tart/
+    - mkdocs --verbose gh-deploy --force --remote-branch gh-pages
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-*.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
-*.gif filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+* @edigaryev @fkorotkov
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+github: [cirruslabs]
@@ -13,3 +13,6 @@ tart.xcodeproj/

 # GoReleaser
 dist/
+
+# mkdocs
+.cache
@@ -1,50 +1,51 @@
 project_name: tart

+before:
+  hooks:
+    - .ci/set-version.sh
+    - swift build -c release --product tart
+    - gon gon.hcl
+    - mkdir -p tart.app/Contents/MacOS
+    - cp .build/arm64-apple-macosx/release/tart tart.app/Contents/MacOS/
+
 builds:
  - builder: prebuilt
    goos:
      - darwin
    goarch:
      - arm64
+    binary: tart.app/Contents/MacOS/tart
    prebuilt:
-      path: .build/arm64-apple-macosx/debug/tart 
-    hooks:
-      post: 
-        - gon gon.hcl
-        - .ci/create-pkg.sh
-
-before:
-  hooks:
-    - .ci/set-version.sh
-    - swift build -c debug --product tart
+      path: tart.app/Contents/MacOS/tart

 archives:
-  - id: binary
-    format: binary
-    name_template: "{{ .ProjectName }}"
-  - id: regular
-    name_template: "{{ .ProjectName }}"
+  - name_template: "{{ .ProjectName }}"
+    files:
+      - src: Resources/embedded.provisionprofile
+        dst: tart.app/Contents
+        strip_parent: true
+      - LICENSE

 release:
  prerelease: auto
-  extra_files:
-    - glob: ./dist/Tart-{{ .Tag }}.pkg

 brews:
  - name: tart
-    ids:
-      - regular
    tap:
      owner: cirruslabs
      name: homebrew-cli
    caveats: See the GitHub repository for more information
    homepage: https://github.com/cirruslabs/tart
+    license: "Fair Source"
    description: Run macOS VMs on Apple Silicon
    skip_upload: auto
    dependencies:
      - "cirruslabs/cli/softnet"
+    install: |
+      libexec.install Dir["*"]
+      bin.write_exec_script "#{libexec}/tart.app/Contents/MacOS/tart"
    custom_block: |
-      depends_on :macos => :monterey
+      depends_on :macos => :ventura
      
      on_macos do
        unless Hardware::CPU.arm?
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-<component name="ProjectRunConfigurationManager">
-  <configuration default="false" name="sign debug" type="ShConfigurationType">
-    <option name="SCRIPT_TEXT" value="codesign --sign - --entitlements Resources/tart.entitlements --force .build/debug/tart" />
-    <option name="INDEPENDENT_SCRIPT_PATH" value="true" />
-    <option name="SCRIPT_PATH" value="$PROJECT_DIR$/scripts/sign.sh" />
-    <option name="SCRIPT_OPTIONS" value="" />
-    <option name="INDEPENDENT_SCRIPT_WORKING_DIRECTORY" value="true" />
-    <option name="SCRIPT_WORKING_DIRECTORY" value="$PROJECT_DIR$" />
-    <option name="INDEPENDENT_INTERPRETER_PATH" value="true" />
-    <option name="INTERPRETER_PATH" value="/bin/zsh" />
-    <option name="INTERPRETER_OPTIONS" value="" />
-    <option name="EXECUTE_IN_TERMINAL" value="true" />
-    <option name="EXECUTE_SCRIPT_FILE" value="false" />
-    <envs />
-    <method v="2" />
-  </configuration>
-</component>
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-<component name="ProjectRunConfigurationManager">
-  <configuration default="false" name="tart create" type="SwiftPackageManagerRunConfiguration" factoryName="Swift Package Run" PROGRAM_PARAMS="create latest --from-ipsw=latest" REDIRECT_INPUT="false" ELEVATE="false" USE_EXTERNAL_CONSOLE="false" PASS_PARENT_ENVS_2="true" PROJECT_NAME="tart" TARGET_NAME="tart" CONFIG_NAME="tart" RUN_TARGET_PROJECT_NAME="tart" RUN_TARGET_NAME="tart" WAS_MODIFIED="">
-    <method v="2">
-      <option name="SPM.BUILD_TASK_PROVIDER" enabled="true" />
-      <option name="RunConfigurationTask" enabled="true" run_configuration_name="sign debug" run_configuration_type="ShConfigurationType" />
-    </method>
-  </configuration>
-</component>
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-<component name="ProjectRunConfigurationManager">
-  <configuration default="false" name="tart run" type="SwiftPackageManagerRunConfiguration" factoryName="Swift Package Run" PROGRAM_PARAMS="run latest" REDIRECT_INPUT="false" ELEVATE="false" USE_EXTERNAL_CONSOLE="false" PASS_PARENT_ENVS_2="true" PROJECT_NAME="tart" TARGET_NAME="tart" CONFIG_NAME="tart" RUN_TARGET_PROJECT_NAME="tart" RUN_TARGET_NAME="tart" WAS_MODIFIED="">
-    <method v="2">
-      <option name="SPM.BUILD_TASK_PROVIDER" enabled="true" />
-      <option name="RunConfigurationTask" enabled="true" run_configuration_name="sign debug" run_configuration_type="ShConfigurationType" />
-    </method>
-  </configuration>
-</component>
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+--disable all
+--enable indent
+--indent 2
+--exclude Sources/tart/OCI/Reference/Generated
+--swiftversion 5.7
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+# Contributing to Tart
+
+Table of Contents
+-----------------
+
+- [How to Build](#how-to-build)
+- [How to Create an Issue/Enhancement](#how-to-create-an-issueenhancement)
+- [Style Guidelines](#style-guidelines)
+- [Pull Requests](#Pull-Requests)
+
+## How to Build
+
+1. Fork the repository to your own GitHub account
+2. Clone the forked repository to your local machine
+3. If using Xcode, use from Xcode 15 or newer
+4. Run ./scripts/run-signed.sh from the root of your repository
+
+```bash
+./scripts/run-signed.sh list
+```
+## How to Create an Issue/Enhancement
+
+1. Go to the [Issue page](https://github.com/cirruslabs/tart/issues) of the repository
+2. Click on the "New Issue" button
+3. Provide a descriptive title and detailed description of the issue or enhancement you're suggesting
+4. Submit the issue
+
+## Style Guidelines
+
+1. Code should follow camel case
+2. Code should follow [SwiftFormat](https://github.com/nicklockwood/SwiftFormat#swift-package-manager-plugin) guidelines. You can auto-format the code by running the following command:
+```bash
+swift package plugin --allow-writing-to-package-directory swiftformat --cache ignore .
+```
+
+## Pull Requests
+
+1. Provide a detailed description of the changes you made in the pull request
+2. Wait for pull request to be reviewed 
+3. Make adjustments if necessary
@@ -1,661 +1,45 @@
-                    GNU AFFERO GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
-                       Version 3, 19 November 2007
+Fair Source License, version 0.9

- Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <https://fsf.org/>
- Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
- of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
+Copyright (C) 2023 Cirrus Labs, Inc.

-                            Preamble
+Licensor: Cirrus Labs, Inc.

-  The GNU Affero General Public License is a free, copyleft license for
-software and other kinds of works, specifically designed to ensure
-cooperation with the community in the case of network server software.
+Software: Tart

-  The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed
-to take away your freedom to share and change the works.  By contrast,
-our General Public Licenses are intended to guarantee your freedom to
-share and change all versions of a program--to make sure it remains free
-software for all its users.
+Use Limitation: 100 users. User is defined as a single core of a central processing unit (CPU) used by the product.
+The Use Limitation does not apply to CPUs installed in devices used by a single individual.

-  When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
-price.  Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
-have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
-them if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you
-want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new
-free programs, and that you know you can do these things.
+License Grant. Licensor hereby grants to each recipient of the
+Software ("you") a non-exclusive, non-transferable, royalty-free and
+fully-paid-up license, under all of the Licensor's copyright and
+patent rights, to use, copy, distribute, prepare derivative works of,
+publicly perform and display the Software, subject to the Use
+Limitation and the conditions set forth below.

-  Developers that use our General Public Licenses protect your rights
-with two steps: (1) assert copyright on the software, and (2) offer
-you this License which gives you legal permission to copy, distribute
-and/or modify the software.
+Use Limitation. The license granted above allows use by up to the
+number of users per entity set forth above (the "Use Limitation"). For
+determining the number of users, "you" includes all affiliates,
+meaning legal entities controlling, controlled by, or under common
+control with you. If you exceed the Use Limitation, your use is
+subject to payment of Licensor's then-current list price for licenses.

-  A secondary benefit of defending all users' freedom is that
-improvements made in alternate versions of the program, if they
-receive widespread use, become available for other developers to
-incorporate.  Many developers of free software are heartened and
-encouraged by the resulting cooperation.  However, in the case of
-software used on network servers, this result may fail to come about.
-The GNU General Public License permits making a modified version and
-letting the public access it on a server without ever releasing its
-source code to the public.
-
-  The GNU Affero General Public License is designed specifically to
-ensure that, in such cases, the modified source code becomes available
-to the community.  It requires the operator of a network server to
-provide the source code of the modified version running there to the
-users of that server.  Therefore, public use of a modified version, on
-a publicly accessible server, gives the public access to the source
-code of the modified version.
-
-  An older license, called the Affero General Public License and
-published by Affero, was designed to accomplish similar goals.  This is
-a different license, not a version of the Affero GPL, but Affero has
-released a new version of the Affero GPL which permits relicensing under
+Conditions. Redistribution in source code or other forms must include
+a copy of this license document to be provided in a reasonable
+manner. Any redistribution of the Software is only allowed subject to
 this license.

-  The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
-modification follow.
-
-                       TERMS AND CONDITIONS
-
-  0. Definitions.
-
-  "This License" refers to version 3 of the GNU Affero General Public License.
-
-  "Copyright" also means copyright-like laws that apply to other kinds of
-works, such as semiconductor masks.
-
-  "The Program" refers to any copyrightable work licensed under this
-License.  Each licensee is addressed as "you".  "Licensees" and
-"recipients" may be individuals or organizations.
-
-  To "modify" a work means to copy from or adapt all or part of the work
-in a fashion requiring copyright permission, other than the making of an
-exact copy.  The resulting work is called a "modified version" of the
-earlier work or a work "based on" the earlier work.
-
-  A "covered work" means either the unmodified Program or a work based
-on the Program.
-
-  To "propagate" a work means to do anything with it that, without
-permission, would make you directly or secondarily liable for
-infringement under applicable copyright law, except executing it on a
-computer or modifying a private copy.  Propagation includes copying,
-distribution (with or without modification), making available to the
-public, and in some countries other activities as well.
-
-  To "convey" a work means any kind of propagation that enables other
-parties to make or receive copies.  Mere interaction with a user through
-a computer network, with no transfer of a copy, is not conveying.
-
-  An interactive user interface displays "Appropriate Legal Notices"
-to the extent that it includes a convenient and prominently visible
-feature that (1) displays an appropriate copyright notice, and (2)
-tells the user that there is no warranty for the work (except to the
-extent that warranties are provided), that licensees may convey the
-work under this License, and how to view a copy of this License.  If
-the interface presents a list of user commands or options, such as a
-menu, a prominent item in the list meets this criterion.
-
-  1. Source Code.
-
-  The "source code" for a work means the preferred form of the work
-for making modifications to it.  "Object code" means any non-source
-form of a work.
-
-  A "Standard Interface" means an interface that either is an official
-standard defined by a recognized standards body, or, in the case of
-interfaces specified for a particular programming language, one that
-is widely used among developers working in that language.
-
-  The "System Libraries" of an executable work include anything, other
-than the work as a whole, that (a) is included in the normal form of
-packaging a Major Component, but which is not part of that Major
-Component, and (b) serves only to enable use of the work with that
-Major Component, or to implement a Standard Interface for which an
-implementation is available to the public in source code form.  A
-"Major Component", in this context, means a major essential component
-(kernel, window system, and so on) of the specific operating system
-(if any) on which the executable work runs, or a compiler used to
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-For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU AGPL, see
-<https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+Trademarks. This license does not grant you any right in the
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@@ -5,17 +5,8 @@
      "kind" : "remoteSourceControl",
      "location" : "https://github.com/antlr/antlr4",
      "state" : {
-        "branch" : "4.10.1",
-        "revision" : "44d87bc1d130c88aa452894aa5f7e2f710f68253"
-      }
-    },
-    {
-      "identity" : "async-http-client",
-      "kind" : "remoteSourceControl",
-      "location" : "https://github.com/swift-server/async-http-client",
-      "state" : {
-        "revision" : "df87a860fdc41a595d5ca67f74cde9adbccc099a",
-        "version" : "1.11.4"
+        "branch" : "dev",
+        "revision" : "2703a8516c0fb7fe92db6b9c40e0113f577646d2"
      }
    },
    {
@@ -27,6 +18,15 @@
        "revision" : "772883073d044bc754d401cabb6574624eb3778f"
      }
    },
+    {
+      "identity" : "sentry-cocoa",
+      "kind" : "remoteSourceControl",
+      "location" : "https://github.com/getsentry/sentry-cocoa",
+      "state" : {
+        "revision" : "d277532e1c8af813981ba01f591b15bbdd735615",
+        "version" : "8.8.0"
+      }
+    },
    {
      "identity" : "swift-algorithms",
      "kind" : "remoteSourceControl",
@@ -45,6 +45,15 @@
        "version" : "1.1.2"
      }
    },
+    {
+      "identity" : "swift-async-algorithms",
+      "kind" : "remoteSourceControl",
+      "location" : "https://github.com/apple/swift-async-algorithms",
+      "state" : {
+        "branch" : "main",
+        "revision" : "f05e450f0b909c0e80670a47516c4b9700b9e5da"
+      }
+    },
    {
      "identity" : "swift-atomics",
      "kind" : "remoteSourceControl",
@@ -55,57 +64,12 @@
      }
    },
    {
-      "identity" : "swift-log",
+      "identity" : "swift-collections",
      "kind" : "remoteSourceControl",
-      "location" : "https://github.com/apple/swift-log.git",
+      "location" : "https://github.com/apple/swift-collections.git",
      "state" : {
-        "revision" : "5d66f7ba25daf4f94100e7022febf3c75e37a6c7",
-        "version" : "1.4.2"
-      }
-    },
-    {
-      "identity" : "swift-nio",
-      "kind" : "remoteSourceControl",
-      "location" : "https://github.com/apple/swift-nio.git",
-      "state" : {
-        "revision" : "124119f0bb12384cef35aa041d7c3a686108722d",
-        "version" : "2.40.0"
-      }
-    },
-    {
-      "identity" : "swift-nio-extras",
-      "kind" : "remoteSourceControl",
-      "location" : "https://github.com/apple/swift-nio-extras.git",
-      "state" : {
-        "revision" : "8eea84ec6144167354387ef9244b0939f5852dc8",
-        "version" : "1.11.0"
-      }
-    },
-    {
-      "identity" : "swift-nio-http2",
-      "kind" : "remoteSourceControl",
-      "location" : "https://github.com/apple/swift-nio-http2.git",
-      "state" : {
-        "revision" : "108ac15087ea9b79abb6f6742699cf31de0e8772",
-        "version" : "1.22.0"
-      }
-    },
-    {
-      "identity" : "swift-nio-ssl",
-      "kind" : "remoteSourceControl",
-      "location" : "https://github.com/apple/swift-nio-ssl.git",
-      "state" : {
-        "revision" : "1750873bce84b4129b5303655cce2c3d35b9ed3a",
-        "version" : "2.19.0"
-      }
-    },
-    {
-      "identity" : "swift-nio-transport-services",
-      "kind" : "remoteSourceControl",
-      "location" : "https://github.com/apple/swift-nio-transport-services.git",
-      "state" : {
-        "revision" : "1a4692acb88156e3da1b0c6732a8a38b2a744166",
-        "version" : "1.12.0"
+        "revision" : "f504716c27d2e5d4144fa4794b12129301d17729",
+        "version" : "1.0.3"
      }
    },
    {
@@ -117,6 +81,15 @@
        "version" : "1.0.2"
      }
    },
+    {
+      "identity" : "swift-sysctl",
+      "kind" : "remoteSourceControl",
+      "location" : "https://github.com/sersoft-gmbh/swift-sysctl.git",
+      "state" : {
+        "revision" : "71fd64ee84819bb19fbecfb36d5a4503726b6fb7",
+        "version" : "1.6.0"
+      }
+    },
    {
      "identity" : "swiftdate",
      "kind" : "remoteSourceControl",
@@ -125,6 +98,24 @@
        "revision" : "6190d0cefff3013e77ed567e6b074f324e5c5bf5",
        "version" : "6.3.1"
      }
+    },
+    {
+      "identity" : "swiftformat",
+      "kind" : "remoteSourceControl",
+      "location" : "https://github.com/nicklockwood/SwiftFormat",
+      "state" : {
+        "revision" : "da637c398c5d08896521b737f2868ddc2e7996ae",
+        "version" : "0.50.6"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "identity" : "texttable",
+      "kind" : "remoteSourceControl",
+      "location" : "https://github.com/cfilipov/TextTable",
+      "state" : {
+        "branch" : "master",
+        "revision" : "e03289289155b4e7aa565e32862f9cb42140596a"
+      }
    }
  ],
  "version" : 2
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import PackageDescription
 let package = Package(
  name: "Tart",
  platforms: [
-    .macOS(.v12)
+    .macOS(.v13)
  ],
  products: [
    .executable(name: "tart", targets: ["tart"])
@@ -12,19 +12,35 @@ let package = Package(
  dependencies: [
    .package(url: "https://github.com/apple/swift-argument-parser", from: "1.1.2"),
    .package(url: "https://github.com/mhdhejazi/Dynamic", branch: "master"),
-    .package(url: "https://github.com/swift-server/async-http-client", from: "1.11.4"),
    .package(url: "https://github.com/apple/swift-algorithms", from: "1.0.0"),
+    .package(url: "https://github.com/apple/swift-async-algorithms", branch: "main"),
    .package(url: "https://github.com/malcommac/SwiftDate", from: "6.3.1"),
-    .package(url: "https://github.com/antlr/antlr4", revision: "4.10.1")
+    .package(url: "https://github.com/antlr/antlr4", branch: "dev"),
+    .package(url: "https://github.com/apple/swift-atomics.git", .upToNextMajor(from: "1.0.0")),
+    .package(url: "https://github.com/nicklockwood/SwiftFormat", from: "0.50.6"),
+    .package(url: "https://github.com/getsentry/sentry-cocoa", from: "8.8.0"),
+    .package(url: "https://github.com/cfilipov/TextTable", branch: "master"),
+    .package(url: "https://github.com/sersoft-gmbh/swift-sysctl.git", from: "1.0.0"),
  ],
  targets: [
    .executableTarget(name: "tart", dependencies: [
      .product(name: "Algorithms", package: "swift-algorithms"),
+      .product(name: "AsyncAlgorithms", package: "swift-async-algorithms"),
      .product(name: "ArgumentParser", package: "swift-argument-parser"),
-      .product(name: "AsyncHTTPClient", package: "async-http-client"),
      .product(name: "Dynamic", package: "Dynamic"),
      .product(name: "SwiftDate", package: "SwiftDate"),
-      .product(name: "Antlr4", package: "Antlr4"),
+      .product(name: "Antlr4Static", package: "Antlr4"),
+      .product(name: "Atomics", package: "swift-atomics"),
+      .product(name: "Sentry", package: "sentry-cocoa"),
+      .product(name: "TextTable", package: "TextTable"),
+      .product(name: "Sysctl", package: "swift-sysctl"),
+    ], exclude: [
+      "OCI/Reference/Makefile",
+      "OCI/Reference/Reference.g4",
+      "OCI/Reference/Generated/Reference.interp",
+      "OCI/Reference/Generated/Reference.tokens",
+      "OCI/Reference/Generated/ReferenceLexer.interp",
+      "OCI/Reference/Generated/ReferenceLexer.tokens",
    ]),
    .testTarget(name: "TartTests", dependencies: ["tart"])
  ]
@@ -1,14 +1,23 @@
-![Tart – open source virtualization for your automation needs](Resources/TartSocial.png)
+<img src="https://github.com/cirruslabs/tart/raw/main/Resources/TartSocial.png"/>

-*Tart* is a virtualization toolset to build, run and manage macOS and Linux virtual machines on Apple Silicon.
+*Tart* is a virtualization toolset to build, run and manage macOS and Linux virtual machines (VMs) on Apple Silicon.
 Built by CI engineers for your automation needs. Here are some highlights of Tart:

-* Tart uses Apple's own `Virtualization.Framework` for [near-native performance](https://browser.geekbench.com/v5/cpu/compare/14966395?baseline=14966339).
+* Tart uses Apple's own `Virtualization.Framework` for [near-native performance](https://browser.geekbench.com/v5/cpu/compare/20382844?baseline=20382722).
 * Push/Pull virtual machines from any OCI-compatible container registry.
 * Use Tart Packer Plugin to automate VM creation.
-* Built-in CI integration.
+* Easily integrates with any CI system.

-*Tart* is already adopted by several automation services:
+Tart powers [Cirrus Runners](https://tart.run/integrations/github-actions/?utm_source=github&utm_medium=referral)
+service — a drop-in replacement for the standard GitHub-hosted runners, offering 2-3 times better performance for a fraction of the price.
+
+<p align="center">
+  <a href="https://tart.run/integrations/github-actions/?utm_source=github&utm_medium=referral" target=_blank>
+    <img src="https://github.com/cirruslabs/tart/raw/main/Resources/CirrusRunnersForGHA.png" height="65"/>
+  </a>
+</p>
+
+Tart is also adopted by several other automation services:

 <p align="center">
  <a href="https://cirrus-ci.org/guide/macOS/" target=_blank>
@@ -22,249 +31,43 @@ Built by CI engineers for your automation needs. Here are some highlights of Tar
  </a>
 </p>

+Many more companies are using Tart in their internal setups. Here are a few of them:
+
+<p align="center">
+  <a href="https://ahrefs.com/" target=_blank>
+    <img src="https://github.com/cirruslabs/tart/raw/main/Resources/Users/ahrefs.png" height="65"/>
+  </a>
+  <a href="https://krisp.ai/" target=_blank>
+    <img src="https://github.com/cirruslabs/tart/raw/main/Resources/Users/Krisp.png" height="65"/>
+  </a>
+  <a href="https://mullvad.net/" target=_blank>
+    <img src="https://github.com/cirruslabs/tart/raw/main/Resources/Users/Mullvad.png" height="65"/>
+  </a>
+  <a href="https://suran.com/" target=_blank>
+    <img src="https://github.com/cirruslabs/tart/raw/main/Resources/Users/Suran.png" height="65"/>
+  </a>
+  <a href="https://symflower.com/" target=_blank>
+    <img src="https://github.com/cirruslabs/tart/raw/main/Resources/Users/Symflower.png" height="65"/>
+  </a>
+  <a href="https://transloadit.com/" target=_blank>
+    <img src="https://github.com/cirruslabs/tart/raw/main/Resources/Users/Transloadit.png" height="65"/>
+  </a>
+  <a href="https://www.pitsdatarecovery.net/" target=_blank>
+    <img src="https://github.com/cirruslabs/tart/raw/main/Resources/Users/PITSGlobalDataRecoveryServices.png" height="65"/>
+  </a>
+</p>
+
+**Note:** If your company or project is using Tart please consider [adding yourself to the list above](/Resources/Users/HowToAddYourself.md).
+
 ## Usage

-Try running a Tart VM on your Apple Silicon device running macOS Monterey or later (will download a 25 GB image):
+Try running a Tart VM on your Apple Silicon device running macOS 13.0 (Ventura) or later (will download a 25 GB image):

-```shell
+```bash
 brew install cirruslabs/cli/tart
-tart clone ghcr.io/cirruslabs/macos-monterey-base:latest monterey-base
-tart run monterey-base
+tart clone ghcr.io/cirruslabs/macos-ventura-base:latest ventura-base
+tart run ventura-base
 ```

-![tart VM view app](Resources/TartScreenshot.png)
-
-## CI Integration
-
-Tart itself is only responsible for managing virtual machines, but we've built Tart support into a tool called Cirrus CLI
-also developed by Cirrus Labs. [Cirrus CLI](https://github.com/cirruslabs/cirrus-cli) is a command line tool with
-one configuration format to execute common CI steps (run a script, cache a folder, etc.) locally or in any CI system.
-We built Cirrus CLI to solve "But it works on my machine!" problem.
-
-Here is an example of a `.cirrus.yml` configuration file which will start a Tart VM, will copy over working directory and
-will run scripts and [other instructions](https://cirrus-ci.org/guide/writing-tasks/#supported-instructions) inside the virtual machine:
-
-```yaml
-task:
-  name: hello
-  macos_instance:
-    # can be a remote or a local virtual machine
-    image: ghcr.io/cirruslabs/macos-monterey-base:latest
-  hello_script:
-    - echo "Hello from within a Tart VM!"
-    - echo "Here is my CPU info:"
-    - sysctl -n machdep.cpu.brand_string
-    - sleep 15
-```
-
-Put the above `.cirrus.yml` file in the root of your repository and run it with the following command:
-
-```shell
-brew install cirruslabs/cli/cirrus
-cirrus run
-```
-
-![Cirrus CLI Run](Resources/TartCirrusCLI.gif)
-
-[Cirrus CI](https://cirrus-ci.org/) already leverages Tart to power its macOS cloud infrastructure. The `.cirrus.yml`
-config from above will just work in Cirrus CI and your tasks will be executed inside Tart VMs in our cloud.
-
-**Note:** Cirrus CI only allows [images managed and regularly updated by us](https://github.com/orgs/cirruslabs/packages?tab=packages&q=macos).
-
-### Retrieving artifacts from within Tart VMs
-
-In many cases there is a need to retrieve particular files or a folder from within a Tart virtual machine.
-For example, the below `.cirrus.yml` configuration defines a single task that builds a `tart` binary and
-exposes it via [`artifacts` instruction](https://cirrus-ci.org/guide/writing-tasks/#artifacts-instruction):
-
-```yaml
-task:
-  name: Build
-  macos_instance:
-    image: ghcr.io/cirruslabs/macos-monterey-xcode:latest
-  build_script: swift build --product tart
-  binary_artifacts:
-    path: .build/debug/tart
-```
-
-Running Cirrus CLI with `--artifacts-dir` will write defined `artifacts` to the provided local directory on the host:
-
-```bash
-cirrus run --artifacts-dir artifacts
-```
-
-Note that all retrieved artifacts will be prefixed with the associated task name and `artifacts` instruction name.
-For the example above, `tart` binary will be saved to `$PWD/artifacts/Build/binary/.build/debug/tart`.
-
-## Virtual Machine Management
-
-### Creating from scratch
-
-Tart supports macOS and Linux virtual machines. All commands like `run` and `pull` work the same way regarding of the underlying OS a particular VM image has.
-The only difference is how such VM images are created. Please check sections below for [macOS](#creating-a-macos-vm-image-from-scratch) and [Linux](#creating-a-linux-vm-image-from-scratch) instructions.
-
-#### Creating a macOS VM image from scratch
-
-Tart can create VMs from `*.ipsw` files. You can download a specific `*.ipsw` file [here](https://ipsw.me/) or you can
-use `latest` instead of a path to `*.ipsw` to download the latest available version:
-
-```shell
-tart create --from-ipsw=latest monterey-vanilla
-tart run monterey-vanilla
-```
-
-After the initial booting of the VM you'll need to manually go through the macOS installation process. As a convention we recommend creating an `admin` user with an `admin` password. After the regular installation please do some additional modifications in the VM:
-
-1. Enable Auto-Login. Users & Groups -> Login Options -> Automatic login -> admin.
-2. Allow SSH. Sharing -> Remote Login
-3. Disable Lock Screen. Preferences -> Lock Screen -> disable "Require Password" after 5.
-4. Disable Screen Saver.
-5. Run `sudo visudo` in Terminal, find `%admin ALL=(ALL) ALL` add `admin ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL` to allow sudo without a password.
-
-#### Creating a Linux VM image from scratch
-
-```bash
-# Create a bare VM
-tart create --linux ubuntu
-
-# Install Ubuntu
-tart run --disk focal-desktop-arm64.iso ubuntu
-
-# Run VM
-tart run ubuntu
-```
-
-After the initial setup please make sure your VM can be SSH-ed into by running the following commands inside your VM:
-
-```shell
-sudo apt update
-sudo apt install -y openssh-server
-sudo ufw allow ssh
-```
-
-### Configuring a VM
-
-By default, a tart VM uses 2 CPUs and 4 GB of memory with a `1024x768` display. This can be changed with `tart set` command.
-Please refer to `tart set --help` for additional details.
-
-### Building with Packer
-
-Please refer to [Tart Packer Plugin repository](https://github.com/cirruslabs/packer-plugin-tart) for setup instructions.
-Here is an example of a template to build `monterey-base` local image based of a remote image:
-
-```json
-{
-  "builders": [
-    {
-      "name": "tart",
-      "type": "tart-cli",
-      "vm_base_name": "tartvm/vanilla:latest",
-      "vm_name": "monterey-base",
-      "cpu_count": 4,
-      "memory_gb": 8,
-      "disk_size_gb": 32,
-      "ssh_username": "admin",
-      "ssh_password": "admin",
-      "ssh_timeout": "120s"
-    }
-  ],
-  "provisioners": [
-    {
-      "inline": [
-        "echo 'Disabling spotlight indexing...'",
-        "sudo mdutil -a -i off"
-      ],
-      "type": "shell"
-    },
-    # more provisioners
-  ]
-}
-```
-
-Here is a [repository with Packer templates](https://github.com/cirruslabs/macos-image-templates) used to build [all the images managed by us](https://github.com/orgs/cirruslabs/packages?tab=packages&q=macos).
-
-### Working with a Remote OCI Container Registry
-
-For example, let's say you want to push/pull images to a registry hosted at https://acme.io/.
-
-#### Registry Authorization
-
-First, you need to log in and save credential for `acme.io` host via `tart login` command:
-
-```shell
-tart login acme.io
-```
-
-Credentials are securely stored in Keychain.
-
-#### Pushing a Local Image
-
-Once credentials are saved for `acme.io`, run the following command to push a local images remotely with two tags:
-
-```shell
-tart push my-local-vm-name acme.io/remoteorg/name:latest acme.io/remoteorg/name:v1.0.0
-```
-
-#### Pulling a Remote Image
-
-You can either pull an image:
-
-```shell
-tart pull acme.io/remoteorg/name:latest
-```
-
-...or instantiate a VM from a remote image:
-
-```shell
-tart clone acme.io/remoteorg/name:latest my-local-vm-name
-```
-
-This invocation calls the `tart pull` implicitly (if the image is not being present) before doing the actual cloning.
-
-## FAQ
-
-<details>
-  <summary>How Tart is different from Anka</summary>
-
-  Under the hood Tart is using the same technology as Anka 3.0 so there should be no real difference in performance
-  or features supported. If there is some feature missing please don't hesitate to [create a feature request](https://github.com/cirruslabs/tart/issues).
-
-  Instead of Anka Registry, Tart can work with any OCI-compatible container registry.
-
-  Tart doesn't yet have an analogue of Anka Controller for managing long living VMs. Please take a look at [CI integration](#ci-integration)
-  section for an option to run ephemeral VMs for your needs.
-</details>
-
-<details>
-  <summary>Why Tart is free and open sourced?</summary>
-
-  Tart is a relatively small project, and it didn't feel right to try to monetize it.
-  Apple did all the heavy lifting with their `Virtualization.Framework`.
-</details>
-
-<details>
-  <summary>How to change VM's disk size?</summary>
-
-  You can choose disk size upon creation of a virtual machine:
-
-  ```shell
-  tart create --from-ipsw=latest --disk-size=25 monterey-vanilla
-  ```
-
-  For an existing VM please use [Packer Plugin](https://github.com/cirruslabs/packer-plugin-tart) which can increase
-  disk size for new virtual machines. Here is an example of [how to change disk size in a Packer template](https://github.com/cirruslabs/macos-image-templates/blob/fb0bcf68e0b093129136875c050205a66729b596/templates/base.pkr.hcl#L15).
-</details>
-
-<details>
-  <summary>VM location on disk</summary>
-
-  Tart stores all it's files in `~/.tart/` directory. Local images that you can run are stored in `~/.tart/vms/`.
-  Remote images are pulled into `~/.tart/vms/cache/OCIs/`.
-</details>
-
-<details>
-  <summary>Nested virtualization support?</summary>
-
-  Tart is limited by functionality of Apple's `Virtualization.Framework`. At the moment `Virtualization.Framework`
-  doesn't support nested virtualization.
-</details>
+Please check the [official documentation](https://tart.run) for more information and/or feel free to use [discussions](https://github.com/cirruslabs/tart/discussions)
+for remaining questions.
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
-oid sha256:8a3a324193c4bd7797102765ab16f44adf58e49ca615bac3963cefd0d3a10594
-size 339678
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+If you'd like to highlight your use of Tart, please create a `456px` by `130px` logo and create a PR
+that adds it to `README.md` in alphabetical order. Don't forget to include a small description of your usage pattern.
+
+You can refer to `Background.png` as a base for your logo.
@@ -5,4 +5,4 @@
 	<key>com.apple.security.virtualization</key>
 	<true/>
 </dict>
-</plist>
+</plist>
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+<dict>
+	<key>com.apple.security.virtualization</key>
+	<true/>
+	<key>com.apple.vm.networking</key>
+	<true/>
+</dict>
+</plist>
@@ -4,6 +4,10 @@ struct CI {
  static var version: String {
    rawVersion.expanded() ? rawVersion : "SNAPSHOT"
  }
+
+  static var release: String? {
+    rawVersion.expanded() ? "tart@\(rawVersion)" : nil
+  }
 }

 private extension String {
@@ -3,7 +3,20 @@ import Foundation
 import SystemConfiguration

 struct Clone: AsyncParsableCommand {
-  static var configuration = CommandConfiguration(abstract: "Clone a VM")
+  static var configuration = CommandConfiguration(
+    abstract: "Clone a VM",
+    discussion: """
+    Creates a local virtual machine by cloning either a remote or another local virtual machine.
+
+    Due to copy-on-write magic in Apple File System a cloned VM won't actually claim all the space right away.
+    Only changes to a cloned disk will be written and claim new space. By default, Tart checks available capacity
+    in Tart's home directory and checks if there is enough space for the worst possible scenario: when the whole disk
+    will be modified.
+
+    This behaviour can be disabled by setting TART_NO_AUTO_PRUNE environment variable. This might be helpful
+    for use cases when the original image is very big and a workload is known to only modify a fraction of the cloned disk.
+    """
+  )

  @Argument(help: "source VM name")
  var sourceName: String
@@ -21,49 +34,41 @@ struct Clone: AsyncParsableCommand {
  }

  func run() async throws {
-    do {
-      let ociStorage = VMStorageOCI()
-      let localStorage = VMStorageLocal()
+    let ociStorage = VMStorageOCI()
+    let localStorage = VMStorageLocal()

-      if let remoteName = try? RemoteName(sourceName), !ociStorage.exists(remoteName) {
-        // Pull the VM in case it's OCI-based and doesn't exist locally yet
-        let registry = try Registry(host: remoteName.host, namespace: remoteName.namespace, insecure: insecure)
-        try await ociStorage.pull(remoteName, registry: registry)
-      }
-
-      let sourceVM = try VMStorageHelper.open(sourceName)
-
-      let tmpVMDir = try VMDirectory.temporary()
-      try await withTaskCancellationHandler(operation: {
-        let lock = try FileLock(lockURL: Config().tartHomeDir)
-        try lock.lock()
-
-        let generateMAC = try localStorage.hasVMsWithMACAddress(macAddress: sourceVM.macAddress())
-        try sourceVM.clone(to: tmpVMDir, generateMAC: generateMAC)
-        try localStorage.move(newName, from: tmpVMDir)
-
-        try lock.unlock()
-      }, onCancel: {
-        try? FileManager.default.removeItem(at: tmpVMDir.baseURL)
-      })
-
-      Foundation.exit(0)
-    } catch {
-      print(error)
-
-      Foundation.exit(1)
+    if let remoteName = try? RemoteName(sourceName), !ociStorage.exists(remoteName) {
+      // Pull the VM in case it's OCI-based and doesn't exist locally yet
+      let registry = try Registry(host: remoteName.host, namespace: remoteName.namespace, insecure: insecure)
+      try await ociStorage.pull(remoteName, registry: registry)
    }
-  }
-}

-fileprivate extension VMDirectory {
-  func macAddress() throws -> String {
-    try VMConfig(fromURL: configURL).macAddress.string
-  }
-}
+    let sourceVM = try VMStorageHelper.open(sourceName)
+    let tmpVMDir = try VMDirectory.temporary()

-fileprivate extension VMStorageLocal {
-  func hasVMsWithMACAddress(macAddress: String) throws -> Bool {
-    try list().contains { try $1.macAddress() == macAddress }
+    // Lock the temporary VM directory to prevent it's garbage collection
+    let tmpVMDirLock = try FileLock(lockURL: tmpVMDir.baseURL)
+    try tmpVMDirLock.lock()
+
+    try await withTaskCancellationHandler(operation: {
+      // Acquire a global lock
+      let lock = try FileLock(lockURL: Config().tartHomeDir)
+      try lock.lock()
+
+      let generateMAC = try localStorage.hasVMsWithMACAddress(macAddress: sourceVM.macAddress())
+        && sourceVM.state() != "suspended"
+      try sourceVM.clone(to: tmpVMDir, generateMAC: generateMAC)
+
+      try localStorage.move(newName, from: tmpVMDir)
+
+      try lock.unlock()
+
+      // APFS is doing copy-on-write so the above cloning operation (just copying files on disk)
+      // is not actually claiming new space until the VM is started and it writes something to disk.
+      // So once we clone the VM let's try to claim a little bit of space for the VM to run.
+      try Prune.reclaimIfNeeded(UInt64(sourceVM.sizeBytes()), sourceVM)
+    }, onCancel: {
+      try? FileManager.default.removeItem(at: tmpVMDir.baseURL)
+    })
  }
 }
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ struct Create: AsyncParsableCommand {
  @Argument(help: "VM name")
  var name: String

-  @Option(help: ArgumentHelp("create a macOS VM using path to the IPSW file (or \"latest\") to fetch the latest appropriate IPSW", valueName: "path"))
+  @Option(help: ArgumentHelp("create a macOS VM using path to the IPSW file or URL (or \"latest\", to fetch the latest supported IPSW automatically)", valueName: "path"))
  var fromIPSW: String?

  @Flag(help: "create a Linux VM")
@@ -25,35 +25,34 @@ struct Create: AsyncParsableCommand {
  }

  func run() async throws {
-    do {
-      let tmpVMDir = try VMDirectory.temporary()
-      try await withTaskCancellationHandler(operation: {
-        if let fromIPSW = fromIPSW {
-          if fromIPSW == "latest" {
-            _ = try await VM(vmDir: tmpVMDir, ipswURL: nil, diskSizeGB: diskSize)
-          } else {
-            _ = try await VM(vmDir: tmpVMDir, ipswURL: URL(fileURLWithPath: fromIPSW), diskSizeGB: diskSize)
-          }
+    let tmpVMDir = try VMDirectory.temporary()
+
+    // Lock the temporary VM directory to prevent it's garbage collection
+    let tmpVMDirLock = try FileLock(lockURL: tmpVMDir.baseURL)
+    try tmpVMDirLock.lock()
+
+    try await withTaskCancellationHandler(operation: {
+      if let fromIPSW = fromIPSW {
+        let ipswURL: URL
+
+        if fromIPSW == "latest" {
+          ipswURL = try await VM.latestIPSWURL()
+        } else if fromIPSW.starts(with: "http://") || fromIPSW.starts(with: "https://") {
+          ipswURL = URL(string: fromIPSW)!
+        } else {
+          ipswURL = URL(fileURLWithPath: fromIPSW)
        }

-        if linux {
-          if #available(macOS 13, *) {
-            _ = try await VM.linux(vmDir: tmpVMDir, diskSizeGB: diskSize)
-          } else {
-            throw UnsupportedOSError("Linux VMs", "are")
-          }
-        }
+        _ = try await VM(vmDir: tmpVMDir, ipswURL: ipswURL, diskSizeGB: diskSize)
+      }

-        try VMStorageLocal().move(name, from: tmpVMDir)
-      }, onCancel: {
-        try? FileManager.default.removeItem(at: tmpVMDir.baseURL)
-      })
+      if linux {
+        _ = try await VM.linux(vmDir: tmpVMDir, diskSizeGB: diskSize)
+      }

-      Foundation.exit(0)
-    } catch {
-      print(error)
-
-      Foundation.exit(1)
-    }
+      try VMStorageLocal().move(name, from: tmpVMDir)
+    }, onCancel: {
+      try? FileManager.default.removeItem(at: tmpVMDir.baseURL)
+    })
  }
 }
@@ -6,17 +6,11 @@ struct Delete: AsyncParsableCommand {
  static var configuration = CommandConfiguration(abstract: "Delete a VM")

  @Argument(help: "VM name")
-  var name: String
+  var name: [String]

  func run() async throws {
-    do {
-      try VMStorageHelper.delete(name)
-
-      Foundation.exit(0)
-    } catch {
-      print(error)
-
-      Foundation.exit(1)
+    for it in name {
+      try VMStorageHelper.delete(it)
    }
  }
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+import ArgumentParser
+import Foundation
+
+struct Export: AsyncParsableCommand {
+  static var configuration = CommandConfiguration(abstract: "Export VM to a compressed .tvm file")
+
+  @Argument(help: "Source VM name.")
+  var name: String
+
+  @Argument(help: "Path to the destination file.")
+  var path: String?
+
+  func run() async throws {
+    let correctedPath: String
+
+    if let path = path {
+      correctedPath = path
+    } else {
+      correctedPath = "\(name).tvm"
+
+      if FileManager.default.fileExists(atPath: correctedPath) {
+        while true {
+          if userWantsOverwrite(correctedPath) {
+            break
+          } else {
+            return
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    print("exporting...")
+
+    try VMStorageHelper.open(name).exportToArchive(path: correctedPath)
+  }
+
+  func userWantsOverwrite(_ filename: String) -> Bool {
+    print("file \(filename) already exists, are you sure you want to overwrite it? (yes, [no])? ", terminator: "")
+
+    let answer = readLine()!
+
+    return answer == "yes"
+  }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+import ArgumentParser
+import Foundation
+
+fileprivate struct VMInfo: Encodable {
+  let CPU: Int
+  let Memory: UInt64
+  let Disk: Int
+  let Display: String
+  let Running: Bool
+  let State: String
+}
+
+struct Get: AsyncParsableCommand {
+  static var configuration = CommandConfiguration(commandName: "get", abstract: "Get a VM's configuration")
+
+  @Argument(help: "VM name.")
+  var name: String
+
+  @Option(help: "Output format: text or json")
+  var format: Format = .text
+
+  func run() async throws {
+    let vmDir = try VMStorageLocal().open(name)
+    let vmConfig = try VMConfig(fromURL: vmDir.configURL)
+    let diskSizeInGb = try vmDir.sizeGB()
+    let memorySizeInMb = vmConfig.memorySize / 1024 / 1024
+
+    let info = VMInfo(CPU: vmConfig.cpuCount, Memory: memorySizeInMb, Disk: diskSizeInGb,
+                      Display: vmConfig.display.description, Running: try vmDir.running(), State: try vmDir.state())
+    print(format.renderSingle(info))
+  }
+}
@@ -2,6 +2,13 @@ import ArgumentParser
 import Foundation
 import Network
 import SystemConfiguration
+import Sentry
+
+enum IPResolutionStrategy: String, ExpressibleByArgument, CaseIterable {
+  case dhcp, arp
+
+  private(set) static var allValueStrings: [String] = Format.allCases.map { "\($0)"}
+}

 struct IP: AsyncParsableCommand {
  static var configuration = CommandConfiguration(abstract: "Get VM's IP address")
@@ -12,43 +19,55 @@ struct IP: AsyncParsableCommand {
  @Option(help: "Number of seconds to wait for a potential VM booting")
  var wait: UInt16 = 0

+  @Option(help: ArgumentHelp("Strategy for resolving IP address: dhcp or arp",
+                             discussion: """
+                             By default, Tart is looking up and parsing DHCP lease file to determine the IP of the VM.\n
+                             This method is fast and the most reliable but only returns local IP adresses.\n
+                             Alternatively, Tart can call external `arp` executable and parse it's output.\n
+                             In case of enabled Bridged Networking this method will return VM's IP address on the network interface used for Bridged Networking.\n
+                             Note that `arp` strategy won't work for VMs using `--net-softnet`.
+                             """))
+  var resolver: IPResolutionStrategy = .dhcp
+
  func run() async throws {
-    do {
-      let vmDir = try VMStorageLocal().open(name)
-      let vmConfig = try VMConfig.init(fromURL: vmDir.configURL)
-      let vmMACAddress = MACAddress(fromString: vmConfig.macAddress.string)!
+    let vmDir = try VMStorageLocal().open(name)
+    let vmConfig = try VMConfig.init(fromURL: vmDir.configURL)
+    let vmMACAddress = MACAddress(fromString: vmConfig.macAddress.string)!

-      guard let ipViaDHCP = try await IP.resolveIP(vmMACAddress, secondsToWait: wait) else {
-        print("no IP address found, is your VM running?")
+    guard let ip = try await IP.resolveIP(vmMACAddress, resolutionStrategy: resolver, secondsToWait: wait) else {
+      var message = "no IP address found"

-        Foundation.exit(1)
+      if try !vmDir.running() {
+        message += ", is your VM running?"
      }

-      if let ipViaARP = try ARPCache.ResolveMACAddress(macAddress: vmMACAddress), ipViaARP != ipViaDHCP {
-        fputs("WARNING: DHCP lease and ARP cache entries for MAC address \(vmMACAddress) differ: "
-          + "got \(ipViaDHCP) and \(ipViaARP) respectively, consider reporting this case to"
-          + " https://github.com/cirruslabs/tart/issues/172\n", stderr)
+      if (vmConfig.os == .linux && resolver == .arp) {
+        message += " (not all Linux distributions are compatible with the ARP resolver)"
      }

-      print(ipViaDHCP)
-
-      Foundation.exit(0)
-    } catch {
-      print(error)
-
-      Foundation.exit(1)
+      throw RuntimeError.NoIPAddressFound(message)
    }
+
+    print(ip)
  }

-  static public func resolveIP(_ vmMACAddress: MACAddress, secondsToWait: UInt16) async throws -> IPv4Address? {
+  static public func resolveIP(_ vmMACAddress: MACAddress, resolutionStrategy: IPResolutionStrategy = .dhcp, secondsToWait: UInt16 = 0) async throws -> IPv4Address? {
    let waitUntil = Calendar.current.date(byAdding: .second, value: Int(secondsToWait), to: Date.now)!

    repeat {
-      if let ip = try Leases().resolveMACAddress(macAddress: vmMACAddress) {
-        return ip
+      switch resolutionStrategy {
+      case .arp:
+        if let ip = try ARPCache().ResolveMACAddress(macAddress: vmMACAddress) {
+          return ip
+        }
+      case .dhcp:
+        if let leases = try Leases(), let ip = try leases.ResolveMACAddress(macAddress: vmMACAddress) {
+          return ip
+        }
      }

-      try await Task.sleep(nanoseconds: 1_000_000)
+      // wait a second
+      try await Task.sleep(nanoseconds: 1_000_000_000)
    } while Date.now < waitUntil

    return nil
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+import ArgumentParser
+import Foundation
+
+struct Import: AsyncParsableCommand {
+  static var configuration = CommandConfiguration(abstract: "Import VM from a compressed .tvm file")
+
+  @Argument(help: "Path to a file created with \"tart export\".")
+  var path: String
+
+  @Argument(help: "Destination VM name.")
+  var name: String
+
+  func validate() throws {
+    if name.contains("/") {
+      throw ValidationError("<name> should be a local name")
+    }
+  }
+
+  func run() async throws {
+    let localStorage = VMStorageLocal()
+
+    // Create a temporary VM directory to which we will load the export file
+    let tmpVMDir = try VMDirectory.temporary()
+
+    // Lock the temporary VM directory to prevent it's garbage collection
+    // while we're running
+    let tmpVMDirLock = try FileLock(lockURL: tmpVMDir.baseURL)
+    try tmpVMDirLock.lock()
+
+    // Populate the temporary VM directory with the export file contents
+    print("importing...")
+    try tmpVMDir.importFromArchive(path: path)
+
+    try await withTaskCancellationHandler(operation: {
+      // Acquire a global lock
+      let lock = try FileLock(lockURL: Config().tartHomeDir)
+      try lock.lock()
+
+      // Re-generate the VM's MAC address importing it will result in address collision
+      if try localStorage.hasVMsWithMACAddress(macAddress: tmpVMDir.macAddress()) {
+        try tmpVMDir.regenerateMACAddress()
+      }
+
+      try localStorage.move(name, from: tmpVMDir)
+
+      try lock.unlock()
+    }, onCancel: {
+      try? FileManager.default.removeItem(at: tmpVMDir.baseURL)
+    })
+  }
+}
@@ -2,27 +2,61 @@ import ArgumentParser
 import Dispatch
 import SwiftUI

+fileprivate struct VMInfo: Encodable {
+  let Source: String
+  let Name: String
+  let Size: Int
+  let Running: Bool
+  let State: String
+}
+
 struct List: AsyncParsableCommand {
  static var configuration = CommandConfiguration(abstract: "List created VMs")

-  func run() async throws {
-    do {
-      print("Source\tName")
+  @Option(help: ArgumentHelp("Only display VMs from the specified source (e.g. --source local, --source oci)."))
+  var source: String?

-      displayTable("local", try VMStorageLocal().list())
-      displayTable("oci", try VMStorageOCI().list().map { (name, vmDir, _) in (name, vmDir) })
+  @Option(help: "Output format: text or json")
+  var format: Format = .text

-      Foundation.exit(0)
-    } catch {
-      print(error)
+  @Flag(name: [.short, .long], help: ArgumentHelp("Only display VM names."))
+  var quiet: Bool = false

-      Foundation.exit(1)
+  func validate() throws {
+    guard let source = source else {
+      return
+    }
+
+    if !["local", "oci"].contains(source) {
+      throw ValidationError("'\(source)' is not a valid <source>")
    }
  }

-  private func displayTable(_ source: String, _ vms: [(String, VMDirectory)]) {
-    for (name, _) in vms.sorted(by: { left, right in left.0 < right.0 }) {
-      print("\(source)\t\(name)")
+  func run() async throws {
+    var infos: [VMInfo] = []
+
+    if source == nil || source == "local" {
+      infos += sortedInfos(try VMStorageLocal().list().map { (name, vmDir) in
+        try VMInfo(Source: "local", Name: name, Size: vmDir.sizeGB(), Running: vmDir.running(), State: vmDir.state())
+      })
    }
+
+    if source == nil || source == "oci" {
+      infos += sortedInfos(try VMStorageOCI().list().map { (name, vmDir, _) in
+        try VMInfo(Source: "oci", Name: name, Size: vmDir.sizeGB(), Running: vmDir.running(), State: vmDir.state())
+      })
+    }
+
+    if (quiet) {
+      for info in infos {
+        print(info.Name)
+      }
+    } else {
+      print(format.renderList(infos))
+    }
+  }
+
+  private func sortedInfos(_ infos: [VMInfo]) -> [VMInfo] {
+    infos.sorted(by: { left, right in left.Name < right.Name })
  }
 }
@@ -17,6 +17,9 @@ struct Login: AsyncParsableCommand {
  @Flag(help: "connect to the OCI registry via insecure HTTP protocol")
  var insecure: Bool = false

+  @Flag(help: "skip validation of the registry's credentials before logging-in")
+  var noValidate: Bool = false
+
  func validate() throws {
    let usernameProvided = username != nil
    let passwordProvided = passwordStdin
@@ -27,40 +30,35 @@ struct Login: AsyncParsableCommand {
  }

  func run() async throws {
-    do {
-      var user: String
-      var password: String
+    var user: String
+    var password: String

-      if let username = username {
-        user = username
+    if let username = username {
+      user = username

-        let passwordData = FileHandle.standardInput.readDataToEndOfFile()
-        password = String(decoding: passwordData, as: UTF8.self)
-      } else {
-        (user, password) = try StdinCredentials.retrieve()
-      }
-      let credentialsProvider = DictionaryCredentialsProvider([
-        host: (user, password)
-      ])
+      let passwordData = FileHandle.standardInput.readDataToEndOfFile()
+      password = String(decoding: passwordData, as: UTF8.self)

+      // Support "echo $PASSWORD | tart login --username $USERNAME --password-stdin $REGISTRY"
+      password.trimSuffix { c in c.isNewline }
+    } else {
+      (user, password) = try StdinCredentials.retrieve()
+    }
+    let credentialsProvider = DictionaryCredentialsProvider([
+      host: (user, password)
+    ])
+
+    if !noValidate {
      do {
        let registry = try Registry(host: host, namespace: "", insecure: insecure,
-          credentialsProviders: [credentialsProvider])
+                                    credentialsProviders: [credentialsProvider])
        try await registry.ping()
      } catch {
-        print("invalid credentials: \(error)")
-
-        Foundation.exit(1)
+        throw RuntimeError.InvalidCredentials("invalid credentials: \(error)")
      }
-
-      try KeychainCredentialsProvider().store(host: host, user: user, password: password)
-
-      Foundation.exit(0)
-    } catch {
-      print(error)
-
-      Foundation.exit(1)
    }
+
+    try KeychainCredentialsProvider().store(host: host, user: user, password: password)
  }
 }

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+import ArgumentParser
+import Dispatch
+import SwiftUI
+
+struct Logout: AsyncParsableCommand {
+  static var configuration = CommandConfiguration(abstract: "Logout from a registry")
+
+  @Argument(help: "host")
+  var host: String
+
+  func run() async throws {
+    try KeychainCredentialsProvider().remove(host: host)
+  }
+}
@@ -1,90 +1,161 @@
 import ArgumentParser
 import Dispatch
+import Sentry
 import SwiftUI
 import SwiftDate

 struct Prune: AsyncParsableCommand {
-  static var configuration = CommandConfiguration(abstract: "Prune OCI and IPSW caches")
+  static var configuration = CommandConfiguration(abstract: "Prune OCI and IPSW caches or local VMs")

-  @Option(help: ArgumentHelp("Remove cache entries last accessed more than n days ago",
-    discussion: "For example, --older-than=7 will remove entries that weren't accessed by Tart in the last 7 days.",
-    valueName: "n"))
+  @Option(help: ArgumentHelp("Entries to remove: \"caches\" targets OCI and IPSW caches and \"vms\" targets local VMs."))
+  var entries: String = "caches"
+
+  @Option(help: ArgumentHelp("Remove entries that were last accessed more than n days ago",
+                             discussion: "For example, --older-than=7 will remove entries that weren't accessed by Tart in the last 7 days.",
+                             valueName: "n"))
  var olderThan: UInt?

-  @Option(help: ArgumentHelp("Remove least recently used cache entries that do not fit the specified cache size budget n, expressed in gigabytes",
-    discussion: "For example, --cache-budget=50 will effectively shrink all caches to a total size of 50 gigabytes.",
-    valueName: "n"))
+  @Option(help: .hidden)
  var cacheBudget: UInt?

+  @Option(help: ArgumentHelp("Remove the least recently used entries that do not fit the specified space size budget n, expressed in gigabytes",
+                             discussion: "For example, --space-budget=50 will effectively shrink all entries to a total size of 50 gigabytes.",
+                             valueName: "n"))
+  var spaceBudget: UInt?
+
  @Flag(help: .hidden)
  var gc: Bool = false

-  func validate() throws {
-    if olderThan == nil && cacheBudget == nil && !gc {
+  mutating func validate() throws {
+    // --cache-budget deprecation logic
+    if let cacheBudget = cacheBudget {
+      fputs("--cache-budget is deprecated, please use --space-budget\n", stderr)
+
+      if spaceBudget != nil {
+        throw ValidationError("--cache-budget is deprecated, please use --space-budget")
+      }
+
+      spaceBudget = cacheBudget
+    }
+
+    if olderThan == nil && spaceBudget == nil && !gc {
      throw ValidationError("at least one pruning criteria must be specified")
    }
  }

  func run() async throws {
-    do {
-      if gc {
-        try VMStorageOCI().gc()
-      }
+    if gc {
+      try VMStorageOCI().gc()
+    }

-      // Clean up cache entries based on last accessed date
-      if let olderThan = olderThan {
-        let olderThanInterval = Int(exactly: olderThan)!.days.timeInterval
-        let olderThanDate = Date().addingTimeInterval(olderThanInterval)
+    // Build a list of prunable storages that we're going to prune based on user's request
+    let prunableStorages: [PrunableStorage]

-        try Prune.pruneOlderThan(olderThanDate: olderThanDate)
-      }
+    switch entries {
+    case "caches":
+      prunableStorages = [VMStorageOCI(), try IPSWCache()]
+    case "vms":
+      prunableStorages = [VMStorageLocal()]
+    default:
+      throw ValidationError("unsupported --entries value, please specify either \"caches\" or \"vms\"")
+    }

-      // Clean up cache entries based on imposed cache size limit and entry's last accessed date
-      if let cacheBudget = cacheBudget {
-        try Prune.pruneCacheBudget(cacheBudgetBytes: UInt64(cacheBudget) * 1024 * 1024 * 1024)
-      }
+    // Clean up cache entries based on last accessed date
+    if let olderThan = olderThan {
+      let olderThanInterval = Int(exactly: olderThan)!.days.timeInterval
+      let olderThanDate = Date() - olderThanInterval

-      Foundation.exit(0)
-    } catch {
-      print(error)
+      try Prune.pruneOlderThan(prunableStorages: prunableStorages, olderThanDate: olderThanDate)
+    }

-      Foundation.exit(1)
+    // Clean up cache entries based on imposed cache size limit and entry's last accessed date
+    if let spaceBudget = spaceBudget {
+      try Prune.pruneSpaceBudget(prunableStorages: prunableStorages, spaceBudgetBytes: UInt64(spaceBudget) * 1024 * 1024 * 1024)
    }
  }

-  static func pruneOlderThan(olderThanDate: Date) throws {
-    let prunableStorages: [PrunableStorage] = [VMStorageOCI(), try IPSWCache()]
+  static func pruneOlderThan(prunableStorages: [PrunableStorage], olderThanDate: Date) throws {
    let prunables: [Prunable] = try prunableStorages.flatMap { try $0.prunables() }

    try prunables.filter { try $0.accessDate() <= olderThanDate }.forEach { try $0.delete() }
  }

-  static func pruneCacheBudget(cacheBudgetBytes: UInt64) throws {
-    let prunableStorages: [PrunableStorage] = [VMStorageOCI(), try IPSWCache()]
+  static func pruneSpaceBudget(prunableStorages: [PrunableStorage], spaceBudgetBytes: UInt64) throws {
    let prunables: [Prunable] = try prunableStorages
-            .flatMap { try $0.prunables() }
-            .sorted { try $0.accessDate() < $1.accessDate() }
+      .flatMap { try $0.prunables() }
+      .sorted { try $0.accessDate() > $1.accessDate() }

-    let cacheUsedBytes = try prunables.map { try $0.sizeBytes() }.reduce(0, +)
-    var cacheReclaimedBytes: Int = 0
+    var spaceBudgetBytes = spaceBudgetBytes
+    var prunablesToDelete: [Prunable] = []

-    var it = prunables.makeIterator()
+    for prunable in prunables {
+      let prunableSizeBytes = UInt64(try prunable.sizeBytes())

-    while (cacheUsedBytes - cacheReclaimedBytes) > cacheBudgetBytes {
-      guard let prunable = it.next() else {
-        break
+      if prunableSizeBytes <= spaceBudgetBytes {
+        // Don't mark for deletion as
+        // there's a budget available
+        spaceBudgetBytes -= prunableSizeBytes
+      } else {
+        // Mark for deletion
+        prunablesToDelete.append(prunable)
      }
-
-      cacheReclaimedBytes -= try prunable.sizeBytes()
-      try prunable.delete()
    }
+
+    try prunablesToDelete.forEach { try $0.delete() }
  }

-  static func pruneReclaim(reclaimBytes: UInt64) throws {
+  static func reclaimIfNeeded(_ requiredBytes: UInt64, _ initiator: Prunable? = nil) throws {
+    if ProcessInfo.processInfo.environment.keys.contains("TART_NO_AUTO_PRUNE") {
+      return
+    }
+
+    SentrySDK.configureScope { scope in
+      scope.setContext(value: ["requiredBytes": requiredBytes], key: "Prune")
+    }
+
+    // Figure out how much disk space is available
+    let attrs = try Config().tartCacheDir.resourceValues(forKeys: [
+      .volumeAvailableCapacityKey,
+      .volumeAvailableCapacityForImportantUsageKey
+    ])
+    let volumeAvailableCapacityCalculated = max(
+      UInt64(attrs.volumeAvailableCapacity!),
+      UInt64(attrs.volumeAvailableCapacityForImportantUsage!)
+    )
+
+    SentrySDK.configureScope { scope in
+      scope.setContext(value: [
+        "volumeAvailableCapacity": attrs.volumeAvailableCapacity!,
+        "volumeAvailableCapacityForImportantUsage": attrs.volumeAvailableCapacityForImportantUsage!,
+        "volumeAvailableCapacityCalculated": volumeAvailableCapacityCalculated
+      ], key: "Prune")
+    }
+
+    if volumeAvailableCapacityCalculated <= 0 {
+      SentrySDK.capture(message: "Zero volume capacity reported") { scope in
+        scope.setLevel(.warning)
+      }
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    // Now that we know how much free space is left,
+    // check if we even need to reclaim anything
+    if requiredBytes < volumeAvailableCapacityCalculated {
+      return
+    }
+
+    try Prune.reclaimIfPossible(requiredBytes - volumeAvailableCapacityCalculated, initiator)
+  }
+
+  private static func reclaimIfPossible(_ reclaimBytes: UInt64, _ initiator: Prunable? = nil) throws {
+    let transaction = SentrySDK.startTransaction(name: "Pruning cache", operation: "prune", bindToScope: true)
+    defer { transaction.finish() }
+
    let prunableStorages: [PrunableStorage] = [VMStorageOCI(), try IPSWCache()]
    let prunables: [Prunable] = try prunableStorages
-            .flatMap { try $0.prunables() }
-            .sorted { try $0.accessDate() < $1.accessDate() }
+      .flatMap { try $0.prunables() }
+      .sorted { try $0.accessDate() < $1.accessDate() }

    // Does it even make sense to start?
    let cacheUsedBytes = try prunables.map { try $0.sizeBytes() }.reduce(0, +)
@@ -101,8 +172,18 @@ struct Prune: AsyncParsableCommand {
        break
      }

+      if prunable.url == initiator?.url.resolvingSymlinksInPath() {
+        // do not prune the initiator
+        continue
+      }
+
+      try SentrySDK.span?.setData(value: prunable.sizeBytes(), key: prunable.url.path)
+
      cacheReclaimedBytes += try prunable.sizeBytes()
+
      try prunable.delete()
    }
+
+    SentrySDK.span?.setMeasurement(name: "gc_disk_reclaimed", value: cacheReclaimedBytes as NSNumber, unit: MeasurementUnitInformation.byte);
  }
 }
@@ -3,7 +3,16 @@ import Dispatch
 import SwiftUI

 struct Pull: AsyncParsableCommand {
-  static var configuration = CommandConfiguration(abstract: "Pull a VM from a registry")
+  static var configuration = CommandConfiguration(
+    abstract: "Pull a VM from a registry",
+    discussion: """
+    Pulls a virtual machine from a remote OCI-compatible registry. Supports authorization via Keychain (see "tart login --help"),
+    Docker credential helpers defined in ~/.docker/config.json or via TART_REGISTRY_USERNAME/TART_REGISTRY_PASSWORD environment variables.
+
+    By default, Tart checks available capacity in Tart's home directory and tries to reclaim minimum possible storage for the remote image to fit via "tart prune".
+    This behaviour can be disabled by setting TART_NO_AUTO_PRUNE environment variable.
+    """
+  )

  @Argument(help: "remote VM name")
  var remoteName: String
@@ -12,27 +21,19 @@ struct Pull: AsyncParsableCommand {
  var insecure: Bool = false

  func run() async throws {
-    do {
-      // Be more liberal when accepting local image as argument,
-      // see https://github.com/cirruslabs/tart/issues/36
-      if VMStorageLocal().exists(remoteName) {
-        print("\"\(remoteName)\" is a local image, nothing to pull here!")
+    // Be more liberal when accepting local image as argument,
+    // see https://github.com/cirruslabs/tart/issues/36
+    if VMStorageLocal().exists(remoteName) {
+      print("\"\(remoteName)\" is a local image, nothing to pull here!")

-        Foundation.exit(0)
-      }
-
-      let remoteName = try RemoteName(remoteName)
-      let registry = try Registry(host: remoteName.host, namespace: remoteName.namespace, insecure: insecure)
-
-      defaultLogger.appendNewLine("pulling \(remoteName)...")
-
-      try await VMStorageOCI().pull(remoteName, registry: registry)
-
-      Foundation.exit(0)
-    } catch {
-      print(error)
-
-      Foundation.exit(1)
+      return
    }
+
+    let remoteName = try RemoteName(remoteName)
+    let registry = try Registry(host: remoteName.host, namespace: remoteName.namespace, insecure: insecure)
+
+    defaultLogger.appendNewLine("pulling \(remoteName)...")
+
+    try await VMStorageOCI().pull(remoteName, registry: registry)
  }
 }
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import Compression
 struct Push: AsyncParsableCommand {
  static var configuration = CommandConfiguration(abstract: "Push a VM to a registry")

-  @Argument(help: "local VM name")
+  @Argument(help: "local or remote VM name")
  var localName: String

  @Argument(help: "remote VM name(s)")
@@ -16,68 +16,93 @@ struct Push: AsyncParsableCommand {
  var insecure: Bool = false

  @Option(help: ArgumentHelp("chunk size in MB if registry supports chunked uploads",
-    discussion: """
-                By default monolithic method is used for uploading blobs to the registry but some registries support a more efficient chunked method.
-                For example, AWS Elastic Container Registry supports only chunks larger than 5MB but GitHub Container Registry supports only chunks smaller than 4MB. Google Container Registry on the other hand doesn't support chunked uploads at all.
-                Please refer to the documentation of your particular registry in order to see if this option is suitable for you and what's the recommended chunk size.
-                """))
+                             discussion: """
+                             By default monolithic method is used for uploading blobs to the registry but some registries support a more efficient chunked method.
+                             For example, AWS Elastic Container Registry supports only chunks larger than 5MB but GitHub Container Registry supports only chunks smaller than 4MB. Google Container Registry on the other hand doesn't support chunked uploads at all.
+                             Please refer to the documentation of your particular registry in order to see if this option is suitable for you and what's the recommended chunk size.
+                             """))
  var chunkSize: Int = 0

  @Flag(help: ArgumentHelp("cache pushed images locally",
-          discussion: "Increases disk usage, but saves time if you're going to pull the pushed images later."))
+                           discussion: "Increases disk usage, but saves time if you're going to pull the pushed images later."))
  var populateCache: Bool = false

  func run() async throws {
-    do {
-      let localVMDir = try VMStorageLocal().open(localName)
+    let ociStorage = VMStorageOCI()
+    let localVMDir = try VMStorageHelper.open(localName)

-      // Parse remote names supplied by the user
-      let remoteNames = try remoteNames.map{
-        try RemoteName($0)
-      }
+    // Parse remote names supplied by the user
+    let remoteNames = try remoteNames.map{
+      try RemoteName($0)
+    }

-      // Group remote names by registry
-      struct RegistryIdentifier: Hashable, Equatable {
-        var host: String
-        var namespace: String
-      }
+    // Group remote names by registry
+    struct RegistryIdentifier: Hashable, Equatable {
+      var host: String
+      var namespace: String
+    }

-      let registryGroups = Dictionary(grouping: remoteNames, by: {
-        RegistryIdentifier(host: $0.host, namespace: $0.namespace)
-      })
+    let registryGroups = Dictionary(grouping: remoteNames, by: {
+      RegistryIdentifier(host: $0.host, namespace: $0.namespace)
+    })

-      // Push VM
-      for (registryIdentifier, remoteNamesForRegistry) in registryGroups {
-        let registry = try Registry(host: registryIdentifier.host, namespace: registryIdentifier.namespace,
-          insecure: insecure)
+    // Push VM
+    for (registryIdentifier, remoteNamesForRegistry) in registryGroups {
+      let registry = try Registry(host: registryIdentifier.host, namespace: registryIdentifier.namespace,
+                                  insecure: insecure)

-        defaultLogger.appendNewLine("pushing \(localName) to "
-          + "\(registryIdentifier.host)/\(registryIdentifier.namespace)\(remoteNamesForRegistry.referenceNames())...")
+      defaultLogger.appendNewLine("pushing \(localName) to "
+        + "\(registryIdentifier.host)/\(registryIdentifier.namespace)\(remoteNamesForRegistry.referenceNames())...")

-        let pushedRemoteName = try await localVMDir.pushToRegistry(
+      let references = remoteNamesForRegistry.map{ $0.reference.value }
+
+      let pushedRemoteName: RemoteName
+      // If we're pushing a local OCI VM, check if points to an already existing registry manifest
+      // and if so, only upload manifests (without config, disk and NVRAM) to the user-specified references
+      if let remoteName = try? RemoteName(localName) {
+        pushedRemoteName = try await lightweightPushToRegistry(
          registry: registry, 
-          references: remoteNamesForRegistry.map{ $0.reference.value }, 
+          remoteName: remoteName,
+          references: references
+        )
+      } else {
+        pushedRemoteName = try await localVMDir.pushToRegistry(
+          registry: registry,
+          references: references,
          chunkSizeMb: chunkSize
        )
-
        // Populate the local cache (if requested)
        if populateCache {
-          let ociStorage = VMStorageOCI()
          let expectedPushedVMDir = try ociStorage.create(pushedRemoteName)
          try localVMDir.clone(to: expectedPushedVMDir, generateMAC: false)
-          for remoteName in remoteNamesForRegistry {
-            try ociStorage.link(from: remoteName, to: pushedRemoteName)
-          }
        }
      }

-      Foundation.exit(0)
-    } catch {
-      print(error)
-
-      Foundation.exit(1)
+      // link the rest remote names
+      if populateCache {
+        for remoteName in remoteNamesForRegistry {
+          try ociStorage.link(from: remoteName, to: pushedRemoteName)
+        }
+      }
    }
  }
+
+  func lightweightPushToRegistry(registry: Registry, remoteName: RemoteName, references: [String]) async throws -> RemoteName {
+    // Is the local OCI VM already present in the registry?
+    let digest = try VMStorageOCI().digest(remoteName)
+
+    let (remoteManifest, _) = try await registry.pullManifest(reference: digest)
+
+    // Overwrite registry's references with the retrieved manifest
+    for reference in references {
+      defaultLogger.appendNewLine("pushing manifest for \(reference)...")
+
+      _ = try await registry.pushManifest(reference: reference, manifest: remoteManifest)
+    }
+
+    return RemoteName(host: registry.host!, namespace: registry.namespace,
+                      reference: Reference(digest: digest))
+  }
 }

 extension Collection where Element == RemoteName {
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+import ArgumentParser
+import Foundation
+
+struct Rename: AsyncParsableCommand {
+  static var configuration = CommandConfiguration(abstract: "Rename a VM")
+
+  @Argument(help: "VM name")
+  var name: String
+
+  @Argument(help: "new VM name")
+  var newName: String
+
+  func validate() throws {
+    if newName.contains("/") {
+      throw ValidationError("<new-name> should be a local name")
+    }
+  }
+
+  func run() async throws {
+    let localStorage = VMStorageLocal()
+
+    if !localStorage.exists(name) {
+      throw ValidationError("failed to rename a non-existent VM: \(name)")
+    }
+
+    if localStorage.exists(newName) {
+      throw ValidationError("failed to rename VM \(name), target VM \(name) already exists, delete it first!")
+    }
+
+    try localStorage.rename(name, newName)
+  }
+}
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 import ArgumentParser
+import Cocoa
 import Dispatch
 import SwiftUI
 import Virtualization
+import Sentry

 var vm: VM?

@@ -15,17 +17,31 @@ struct Run: AsyncParsableCommand {
  var name: String

  @Flag(help: ArgumentHelp(
-          "Don't open a UI window.",
-          discussion: "Useful for integrating Tart VMs into other tools.\nUse `tart ip` in order to get an IP for SSHing or VNCing into the VM.")) 
+    "Don't open a UI window.",
+    discussion: "Useful for integrating Tart VMs into other tools.\nUse `tart ip` in order to get an IP for SSHing or VNCing into the VM."))
  var noGraphics: Bool = false

-  @Flag(help: "Boot into recovery mode") 
-  var recovery: Bool = false
-  
  @Flag(help: ArgumentHelp(
-          "Use screen sharing instead of the built-in UI.",
-          discussion: "Useful since Screen Sharing supports copy/paste, drag and drop, etc.\n"
-            + "Note that Remote Login option should be enabled inside the VM."))
+    "Open serial console in /dev/ttySXX",
+    discussion: "Useful for debugging Linux Kernel."))
+  var serial: Bool = false
+
+  @Option(help: ArgumentHelp(
+    "Attach an externally created serial console",
+    discussion: "Alternative to `--serial` flag for programmatic integrations."
+  ))
+  var serialPath: String?
+
+  @Flag(help: "Force open a UI window, even when VNC is enabled.")
+  var graphics: Bool = false
+
+  @Flag(help: "Boot into recovery mode")
+  var recovery: Bool = false
+
+  @Flag(help: ArgumentHelp(
+    "Use screen sharing instead of the built-in UI.",
+    discussion: "Useful since Screen Sharing supports copy/paste, drag and drop, etc.\n"
+      + "Note that Remote Login option should be enabled inside the VM."))
  var vnc: Bool = false

  @Flag(help: ArgumentHelp(
@@ -34,38 +50,141 @@ struct Run: AsyncParsableCommand {
      + "Note that this feature is experimental and there may be bugs present when using VNC."))
  var vncExperimental: Bool = false

-  @Flag var withSoftnet: Bool = false
-
  @Option(help: ArgumentHelp("""
-    Additional disk attachments with an optional read-only specifier\n(e.g. --disk=\"disk.bin\" --disk=\"ubuntu.iso:ro\")
-    """, discussion: """
-    Learn how to create a disk image using Disk Utility here:
-    https://support.apple.com/en-gb/guide/disk-utility/dskutl11888/mac
-    """, valueName: "path[:ro]"))
+  Additional disk attachments with an optional read-only specifier\n(e.g. --disk=\"disk.bin\" --disk=\"ubuntu.iso:ro\")
+  """, discussion: """
+  Learn how to create a disk image using Disk Utility here:
+  https://support.apple.com/en-gb/guide/disk-utility/dskutl11888/mac
+  """, valueName: "path[:ro]"))
  var disk: [String] = []

+  @Option(name: [.customLong("rosetta")], help: ArgumentHelp(
+    "Attaches a Rosetta share to the guest Linux VM with a specific tag (e.g. --rosetta=\"rosetta\")",
+    discussion: """
+    Requires host to be macOS 13.0 (Ventura) with Rosetta installed. The latter can be done
+    by running "softwareupdate --install-rosetta" (without quotes) in the Terminal.app.
+
+    Note that you also have to configure Rosetta in the guest Linux VM by following the
+    steps from "Mount the Shared Directory and Register Rosetta" section here:
+    https://developer.apple.com/documentation/virtualization/running_intel_binaries_in_linux_vms_with_rosetta#3978496
+    """,
+    valueName: "tag"
+  ))
+  var rosettaTag: String?
+
  @Option(help: ArgumentHelp("""
-                             Additional directory shares with an optional read-only specifier\n(e.g. --dir=\"build:~/src/build\" --dir=\"sources:~/src/sources:ro\")
-                             """, discussion: """
-                                              All shared directories are automatically mounted to "/Volumes/My Shared Files" directory on macOS,
-                                              while on Linux you have to do it manually: "mount -t virtiofs com.apple.virtio-fs.automount /mount/point".
-                                              """, valueName: "name:path[:ro]"))
+  Additional directory shares with an optional read-only specifier\n(e.g. --dir=\"~/src/build\" or --dir=\"~/src/sources:ro\")
+  """, discussion: """
+  Requires host to be macOS 13.0 (Ventura) or newer.
+  A shared directory is automatically mounted to "/Volumes/My Shared Files" directory on macOS,
+  while on Linux you have to do it manually: "mount -t virtiofs com.apple.virtio-fs.automount /mount/point".
+  For macOS guests, they must be running macOS 13.0 (Ventura) or newer.
+
+  In case of passing multiple directories it is required to prefix them with names e.g. --dir=\"build:~/src/build\" --dir=\"sources:~/src/sources:ro\"
+  These names will be used as directory names under the mounting point inside guests. For the example above it will be
+  "/Volumes/My Shared Files/build" and "/Volumes/My Shared Files/sources" respectively.
+  """, valueName: "[name:]path[:ro]"))
  var dir: [String] = []

-  func validate() throws {
+  @Option(help: ArgumentHelp("""
+  Use bridged networking instead of the default shared (NAT) networking \n(e.g. --net-bridged=en0 or --net-bridged=\"Wi-Fi\")
+  """, discussion: """
+  Specify "list" as an interface name (--net-bridged=list) to list the available bridged interfaces.
+  """, valueName: "interface name"))
+  var netBridged: [String] = []
+
+  @Flag(help: ArgumentHelp("Use software networking instead of the default shared (NAT) networking",
+                           discussion: "Learn how to configure Softnet for use with Tart here: https://github.com/cirruslabs/softnet"))
+  var netSoftnet: Bool = false
+
+  @Flag(help: ArgumentHelp("Disables audio and entropy devices and switches to only Mac-specific input devices.", discussion: "Useful for running a VM that can be suspended via \"tart suspend\"."))
+  var suspendable: Bool = false
+
+  mutating func validate() throws {
    if vnc && vncExperimental {
      throw ValidationError("--vnc and --vnc-experimental are mutually exclusive")
    }
+
+    if netBridged.count > 0 && netSoftnet {
+      throw ValidationError("--net-bridged and --net-softnet are mutually exclusive")
+    }
+
+    if graphics && noGraphics {
+      throw ValidationError("--graphics and --no-graphics are mutually exclusive")
+    }
+
+    let localStorage = VMStorageLocal()
+    let vmDir = try localStorage.open(name)
+    if try vmDir.state() == "suspended" {
+      suspendable = true
+    }
  }

  @MainActor
  func run() async throws {
-    let vmDir = try VMStorageLocal().open(name)
+    let localStorage = VMStorageLocal()
+    let vmDir = try localStorage.open(name)
+
+    let storageLock = try FileLock(lockURL: Config().tartHomeDir)
+    if try vmDir.state() == "suspended" {
+      try storageLock.lock() // lock before checking
+      let needToGenerateNewMac = try localStorage.list().contains {
+        // check if there is a running VM with the same MAC but different name
+        try $1.running() && $1.macAddress() == vmDir.macAddress() && $1.name != vmDir.name
+      }
+
+      if needToGenerateNewMac {
+        print("There is already a running VM with the same MAC address!")
+        print("Resetting VM to assign a new MAC address...")
+        try vmDir.regenerateMACAddress()
+      }
+    }
+
+    if netSoftnet && isInteractiveSession() {
+      try Softnet.configureSUIDBitIfNeeded()
+    }
+
+    let additionalDiskAttachments = try additionalDiskAttachments()
+
+    // Error out if the disk is locked by the host (e.g. it was mounted in Finder),
+    // see https://github.com/cirruslabs/tart/issues/323 for more details.
+    for additionalDiskAttachment in additionalDiskAttachments {
+      // Read-only attachments do not seem to acquire the lock
+      if additionalDiskAttachment.isReadOnly {
+        continue
+      }
+
+      if try !FileLock(lockURL: additionalDiskAttachment.url).trylock() {
+        throw RuntimeError.DiskAlreadyInUse("disk \(additionalDiskAttachment.url.path) seems to be already in use, "
+          + "unmount it first in Finder")
+      }
+    }
+
+    var serialPorts: [VZSerialPortConfiguration] = []
+    if serial {
+      let tty_fd = createPTY()
+      if (tty_fd < 0) {
+        throw RuntimeError.VMConfigurationError("Failed to create PTY")
+      }
+      let tty_read = FileHandle.init(fileDescriptor: tty_fd)
+      let tty_write = FileHandle.init(fileDescriptor: tty_fd)
+      serialPorts.append(createSerialPortConfiguration(tty_read, tty_write))
+    } else if serialPath != nil {
+      let tty_read = FileHandle.init(forReadingAtPath: serialPath!)
+      let tty_write = FileHandle.init(forWritingAtPath: serialPath!)
+      if (tty_read == nil || tty_write == nil) {
+        throw RuntimeError.VMConfigurationError("Failed to open PTY")
+      }
+      serialPorts.append(createSerialPortConfiguration(tty_read!, tty_write!))
+    }
+
    vm = try VM(
      vmDir: vmDir,
-      withSoftnet: withSoftnet,
-      additionalDiskAttachments: additionalDiskAttachments(),
-      directoryShares: directoryShares()
+      network: userSpecifiedNetwork(vmDir: vmDir) ?? NetworkShared(),
+      additionalDiskAttachments: additionalDiskAttachments,
+      directorySharingDevices: directoryShares() + rosettaDirectoryShare(),
+      serialPorts: serialPorts,
+      suspendable: suspendable
    )

    let vncImpl: VNC? = try {
@@ -79,8 +198,42 @@ struct Run: AsyncParsableCommand {
      }
    }()

+    // Lock the VM
+    //
+    // More specifically, lock the "config.json", because we can't lock
+    // directories with fcntl(2)-based locking and we better not interfere
+    // with the VM's disk and NVRAM, because they are opened (and even seem
+    // to be locked) directly by the Virtualization.Framework's process.
+    //
+    // Note that due to "completely stupid semantics"[1] of the fcntl-based
+    // file locking, we need to acquire the lock after we read the VM's
+    // configuration file, otherwise we will loose the lock.
+    //
+    // [1]: https://man.openbsd.org/fcntl
+    let lock = try PIDLock(lockURL: vmDir.configURL)
+    if try !lock.trylock() {
+      throw RuntimeError.VMAlreadyRunning("VM \"\(name)\" is already running!")
+    }
+
+    // now VM state will return "running" so we can unlock
+    try storageLock.unlock()
+
    let task = Task {
      do {
+        var resume = false
+
+        if #available(macOS 14, *) {
+          if FileManager.default.fileExists(atPath: vmDir.stateURL.path) {
+            print("restoring VM state from a snapshot...")
+            try await vm!.virtualMachine.restoreMachineStateFrom(url: vmDir.stateURL)
+            try FileManager.default.removeItem(at: vmDir.stateURL)
+            resume = true
+            print("resuming VM...")
+          }
+        }
+
+        try await vm!.start(recovery: recovery, resume: resume)
+
        if let vncImpl = vncImpl {
          let vncURL = try await vncImpl.waitForURL()

@@ -92,7 +245,7 @@ struct Run: AsyncParsableCommand {
          }
        }

-        try await vm!.run(recovery)
+        try await vm!.run()

        if let vncImpl = vncImpl {
          try vncImpl.stop()
@@ -100,34 +253,120 @@ struct Run: AsyncParsableCommand {

        Foundation.exit(0)
      } catch {
-        if error.localizedDescription.contains("Failed to lock auxiliary storage.") {
-          print("Virtual machine \"\(name)\" is already running!")
-          Foundation.exit(2)
-        }
+        // Capture the error into Sentry
+        SentrySDK.capture(error: error)
+        SentrySDK.flush(timeout: 2.seconds.timeInterval)
+
+        fputs("\(error)\n", stderr)

-        print(error)
        Foundation.exit(1)
      }
    }

+    // "tart stop" support
    let sigintSrc = DispatchSource.makeSignalSource(signal: SIGINT)
    sigintSrc.setEventHandler {
      task.cancel()
    }
    sigintSrc.activate()

-    if noGraphics || vnc || vncExperimental {
+    // "tart suspend" / UI window closing support
+    signal(SIGUSR1, SIG_IGN)
+    let sigusr1Src = DispatchSource.makeSignalSource(signal: SIGUSR1)
+    sigusr1Src.setEventHandler {
+      Task {
+        do {
+          if #available(macOS 14, *) {
+            try vm!.configuration.validateSaveRestoreSupport()
+
+            print("pausing VM to take a snapshot...")
+            try await vm!.virtualMachine.pause()
+
+            print("creating a snapshot...")
+            try await vm!.virtualMachine.saveMachineStateTo(url: vmDir.stateURL)
+
+            print("snapshot created successfully! shutting down the VM...")
+
+            task.cancel()
+          } else {
+            print(RuntimeError.SuspendFailed("this functionality is only supported on macOS 14 (Sonoma) or newer"))
+
+            Foundation.exit(1)
+          }
+        } catch (let e) {
+          print(RuntimeError.SuspendFailed(e.localizedDescription))
+
+          Foundation.exit(1)
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    sigusr1Src.activate()
+
+    let useVNCWithoutGraphics = (vnc || vncExperimental) && !graphics
+    if noGraphics || useVNCWithoutGraphics {
      dispatchMain()
    } else {
-      runUI()
+      runUI(suspendable)
+    }
+  }
+
+  private func createSerialPortConfiguration(_ tty_read: FileHandle, _ tty_write: FileHandle) -> VZVirtioConsoleDeviceSerialPortConfiguration {
+    let serialPortConfiguration = VZVirtioConsoleDeviceSerialPortConfiguration()
+    let serialPortAttachment = VZFileHandleSerialPortAttachment(
+      fileHandleForReading: tty_read,
+      fileHandleForWriting: tty_write)
+
+    serialPortConfiguration.attachment = serialPortAttachment
+    return serialPortConfiguration
+  }
+
+  func isInteractiveSession() -> Bool {
+    isatty(STDOUT_FILENO) == 1
+  }
+
+  func userSpecifiedNetwork(vmDir: VMDirectory) throws -> Network? {
+    if netSoftnet {
+      let config = try VMConfig.init(fromURL: vmDir.configURL)
+
+      return try Softnet(vmMACAddress: config.macAddress.string)
+    }
+
+    if netBridged.count > 0 {      
+      func findBridgedInterface(_ name: String) throws -> VZBridgedNetworkInterface {
+        let interface = VZBridgedNetworkInterface.networkInterfaces.first { interface in
+          interface.identifier == name || interface.localizedDisplayName == name
+        }
+        if (interface == nil) {
+          throw ValidationError("no bridge interfaces matched \"\(netBridged)\", "
+            + "available interfaces: \(bridgeInterfaces())")
+        }
+        return interface!
+      }
+
+      return NetworkBridged(interfaces: try netBridged.map { try findBridgedInterface($0) })
+    }
+
+    return nil
+  }
+
+  func bridgeInterfaces() -> [String] {
+    VZBridgedNetworkInterface.networkInterfaces.map { interface in
+      var bridgeDescription = interface.identifier
+
+      if let localizedDisplayName = interface.localizedDisplayName {
+        bridgeDescription += " (or \"\(localizedDisplayName)\")"
+      }
+
+      return bridgeDescription
    }
  }

  func additionalDiskAttachments() throws -> [VZDiskImageStorageDeviceAttachment] {
    var result: [VZDiskImageStorageDeviceAttachment] = []
    let readOnlySuffix = ":ro"
+    let expandedDiskPaths = disk.map { NSString(string:$0).expandingTildeInPath }

-    for rawDisk in disk {
+    for rawDisk in expandedDiskPaths {
      if rawDisk.hasSuffix(readOnlySuffix) {
        result.append(try VZDiskImageStorageDeviceAttachment(
          url: URL(fileURLWithPath: String(rawDisk.prefix(rawDisk.count - readOnlySuffix.count))),
@@ -144,35 +383,70 @@ struct Run: AsyncParsableCommand {
    return result
  }

-  func directoryShares() throws -> [DirectoryShare] {
-    var result: [DirectoryShare] = []
-
-    for rawDir in dir {
-      let splits = rawDir.split(maxSplits: 2) { $0 == ":" }
-
-      if splits.count < 2 {
-        throw ValidationError("invalid --dir syntax: should at least include name and path, colon-separated")
-      }
-
-      var readOnly: Bool = false
-
-      if splits.count == 3 {
-        if splits[2] == "ro" {
-          readOnly = true
-        } else {
-          throw ValidationError("invalid --dir syntax: optional read-only specifier can only be \"ro\"")
-        }
-      }
-
-      let (name, path) = (String(splits[0]), String(splits[1]))
-
-      result.append(DirectoryShare(name: name, path: URL(fileURLWithPath: path), readOnly: readOnly))
+  func directoryShares() throws -> [VZDirectorySharingDeviceConfiguration] {
+    if dir.isEmpty {
+      return []
    }

-    return result
+    guard #available(macOS 13, *) else {
+      throw UnsupportedOSError("directory sharing", "is")
+    }
+
+    var directoryShares: [DirectoryShare] = []
+
+    var allNamedShares = true
+    for rawDir in dir {
+      let directoryShare = try DirectoryShare(parseFrom: rawDir)
+      if (directoryShare.name == nil) {
+        allNamedShares = false
+      }
+      directoryShares.append(directoryShare)
+    }
+
+
+    let automountTag = VZVirtioFileSystemDeviceConfiguration.macOSGuestAutomountTag
+    let sharingDevice = VZVirtioFileSystemDeviceConfiguration(tag: automountTag)
+    if allNamedShares {
+      var directories: [String : VZSharedDirectory] = Dictionary()
+      directoryShares.forEach { directories[$0.name!] = VZSharedDirectory(url: $0.path, readOnly: $0.readOnly) }
+      sharingDevice.share = VZMultipleDirectoryShare(directories: directories)
+    } else if dir.count > 1 {
+      throw ValidationError("invalid --dir syntax: for multiple directory shares each one of them should be named")
+    } else if dir.count == 1 {
+      let directoryShare = directoryShares.first!
+      let singleDirectoryShare = VZSingleDirectoryShare(directory: VZSharedDirectory(url: directoryShare.path, readOnly: directoryShare.readOnly))
+      sharingDevice.share = singleDirectoryShare
+    }
+
+    return [sharingDevice]
  }

-  private func runUI() {
+  private func rosettaDirectoryShare() throws -> [VZDirectorySharingDeviceConfiguration] {
+    guard let rosettaTag = rosettaTag else {
+      return []
+    }
+
+    guard #available(macOS 13, *) else {
+      throw UnsupportedOSError("Rosetta directory share", "is")
+    }
+
+    switch VZLinuxRosettaDirectoryShare.availability {
+    case .notInstalled:
+      throw UnsupportedOSError("Rosetta directory share", "is", "that have Rosetta installed")
+    case .notSupported:
+      throw UnsupportedOSError("Rosetta directory share", "is", "running Apple silicon")
+    default:
+      break
+    }
+
+    try VZVirtioFileSystemDeviceConfiguration.validateTag(rosettaTag)
+    let device = VZVirtioFileSystemDeviceConfiguration(tag: rosettaTag)
+    device.share = try VZLinuxRosettaDirectoryShare()
+
+    return [device]
+  }
+
+  private func runUI(_ suspendable: Bool) {
    let nsApp = NSApplication.shared
    nsApp.setActivationPolicy(.regular)
    nsApp.activate(ignoringOtherApps: true)
@@ -180,41 +454,103 @@ struct Run: AsyncParsableCommand {
    nsApp.applicationIconImage = NSImage(data: AppIconData)

    struct MainApp: App {
+      static var disappearSignal: Int32 = SIGINT
+
+      @NSApplicationDelegateAdaptor private var appDelegate: MinimalMenuAppDelegate
+
      var body: some Scene {
        WindowGroup(vm!.name) {
          Group {
            VMView(vm: vm!).onAppear {
              NSWindow.allowsAutomaticWindowTabbing = false
            }.onDisappear {
-              NSApplication.shared.terminate(self)
+              let ret = kill(getpid(), MainApp.disappearSignal)
+              if ret != 0 {
+                // Fallback to the old termination method that doesn't
+                // propagate the cancellation to Task's in case graceful
+                // termination via kill(2) is not successful
+                NSApplication.shared.terminate(self)
+              }
            }
-          }.frame(width: CGFloat(vm!.config.display.width), height: CGFloat(vm!.config.display.height))
+          }.frame(
+            minWidth: CGFloat(vm!.config.display.width),
+            idealWidth: CGFloat(vm!.config.display.width),
+            maxWidth: .infinity,
+            minHeight: CGFloat(vm!.config.display.height),
+            idealHeight: CGFloat(vm!.config.display.height),
+            maxHeight: .infinity
+          )
        }.commands {
-                  // Remove some standard menu options
-                  CommandGroup(replacing: .help, addition: {})
-                  CommandGroup(replacing: .newItem, addition: {})
-                  CommandGroup(replacing: .pasteboard, addition: {})
-                  CommandGroup(replacing: .textEditing, addition: {})
-                  CommandGroup(replacing: .undoRedo, addition: {})
-                  CommandGroup(replacing: .windowSize, addition: {})
-                  // Replace some standard menu options
-                  CommandGroup(replacing: .appInfo) { AboutTart() }
-                }
+          // Remove some standard menu options
+          CommandGroup(replacing: .help, addition: {})
+          CommandGroup(replacing: .newItem, addition: {})
+          CommandGroup(replacing: .pasteboard, addition: {})
+          CommandGroup(replacing: .textEditing, addition: {})
+          CommandGroup(replacing: .undoRedo, addition: {})
+          CommandGroup(replacing: .windowSize, addition: {})
+          // Replace some standard menu options
+          CommandGroup(replacing: .appInfo) { AboutTart(config: vm!.config) }
+          CommandMenu("Control") {
+            Button("Start") {
+              Task { try await vm!.virtualMachine.start() }
+            }
+            Button("Stop") {
+              Task { try await vm!.virtualMachine.stop() }
+            }
+            Button("Request Stop") {
+              Task { try vm!.virtualMachine.requestStop() }
+            }
+            if #available(macOS 14, *) {
+              Button("Suspend") {
+                kill(getpid(), SIGUSR1)
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
      }
    }

+    MainApp.disappearSignal = suspendable ? SIGUSR1 : SIGINT
    MainApp.main()
  }
 }

+// The only way to fully remove Edit menu item.
+class MinimalMenuAppDelegate: NSObject, NSApplicationDelegate, ObservableObject {
+  let indexOfEditMenu = 2
+
+  func applicationDidFinishLaunching(_ : Notification) {
+    NSApplication.shared.mainMenu?.removeItem(at: indexOfEditMenu)
+  }
+}
+
 struct AboutTart: View {
+  var credits: NSAttributedString
+
+  init(config: VMConfig) {
+    let mutableAttrStr = NSMutableAttributedString()
+    let style = NSMutableParagraphStyle()
+    style.alignment = NSTextAlignment.center
+    let attrCenter: [NSAttributedString.Key : Any] = [
+      .paragraphStyle: style,
+    ]
+    mutableAttrStr.append(NSAttributedString(string: "CPU: \(config.cpuCount) cores\n", attributes: attrCenter))
+    mutableAttrStr.append(NSAttributedString(string: "Memory: \(config.memorySize / 1024 / 1024) MB\n", attributes: attrCenter))
+    mutableAttrStr.append(NSAttributedString(string: "Display: \(config.display.description)\n", attributes: attrCenter))
+    mutableAttrStr.append(NSAttributedString(string: "https://github.com/cirruslabs/tart", attributes: [
+      .paragraphStyle: style,
+      .link : "https://github.com/cirruslabs/tart"
+    ]))
+    credits = mutableAttrStr
+  }
+
  var body: some View {
    Button("About Tart") {
      NSApplication.shared.orderFrontStandardAboutPanel(options: [
        NSApplication.AboutPanelOptionKey.applicationIcon: NSApplication.shared.applicationIconImage as Any,
        NSApplication.AboutPanelOptionKey.applicationName: "Tart",
        NSApplication.AboutPanelOptionKey.applicationVersion: CI.version,
-        NSApplication.AboutPanelOptionKey.credits: try! NSAttributedString(markdown: "https://github.com/cirruslabs/tart"),
+        NSApplication.AboutPanelOptionKey.credits: credits,
      ])
    }
  }
@@ -227,7 +563,18 @@ struct VMView: NSViewRepresentable {

  func makeNSView(context: Context) -> NSViewType {
    let machineView = VZVirtualMachineView()
-    machineView.capturesSystemKeys = true
+
+    // Do not capture system keys so that shortcuts like
+    // Shift-Command-4 + Space (capture a screenshot of window)
+    // work on the host instead of the guest
+    machineView.capturesSystemKeys = false
+
+    // Enable automatic display reconfiguration
+    // for guests that support it
+    if #available(macOS 14.0, *) {
+      machineView.automaticallyReconfiguresDisplay = true
+    }
+
    return machineView
  }

@@ -235,3 +582,43 @@ struct VMView: NSViewRepresentable {
    nsView.virtualMachine = vm.virtualMachine
  }
 }
+
+struct DirectoryShare {
+  let name: String?
+  let path: URL
+  let readOnly: Bool
+
+  init(parseFrom: String) throws {
+    let splits = parseFrom.split(maxSplits: 2) { $0 == ":" }
+
+    if splits.count == 3 {
+      if splits[2] == "ro" {
+        readOnly = true
+      } else {
+        throw ValidationError("invalid --dir syntax: optional read-only specifier can only be \"ro\"")
+      }
+      name = String(splits[0])
+      path = String(splits[1]).toFilePathURL()
+    } else if splits.count == 2 {
+      if splits[1] == "ro" {
+        name = nil
+        path = String(splits[0]).toFilePathURL()
+        readOnly = true
+      } else {
+        name = String(splits[0])
+        path = String(splits[1]).toFilePathURL()
+        readOnly = false
+      }
+    } else {
+      name = nil
+      path = String(splits[0]).toFilePathURL()
+      readOnly = false
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+extension String {
+  func toFilePathURL() -> URL {
+    URL(fileURLWithPath: NSString(string: self).expandingTildeInPath)
+  }
+}
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ struct Set: AsyncParsableCommand {
  var cpu: UInt16?

  @Option(help: "VM memory size in megabytes")
-  var memory: UInt16?
+  var memory: UInt64?

  @Option(help: "VM display resolution in a format of <width>x<height>. For example, 1200x800")
  var display: VMDisplayConfig?
@@ -20,38 +20,30 @@ struct Set: AsyncParsableCommand {
  var diskSize: UInt16?

  func run() async throws {
-    do {
-      let vmDir = try VMStorageLocal().open(name)
-      var vmConfig = try VMConfig(fromURL: vmDir.configURL)
+    let vmDir = try VMStorageLocal().open(name)
+    var vmConfig = try VMConfig(fromURL: vmDir.configURL)

-      if let cpu = cpu {
-        try vmConfig.setCPU(cpuCount: Int(cpu))
+    if let cpu = cpu {
+      try vmConfig.setCPU(cpuCount: Int(cpu))
+    }
+
+    if let memory = memory {
+      try vmConfig.setMemory(memorySize: memory * 1024 * 1024)
+    }
+
+    if let display = display {
+      if (display.width > 0) {
+        vmConfig.display.width = display.width
      }
-
-      if let memory = memory {
-        try vmConfig.setMemory(memorySize: UInt64(memory) * 1024 * 1024)
+      if (display.height > 0) {
+        vmConfig.display.height = display.height
      }
+    }

-      if let display = display {
-        if (display.width > 0) {
-          vmConfig.display.width = display.width
-        }
-        if (display.height > 0) {
-          vmConfig.display.height = display.height
-        }
-      }
+    try vmConfig.save(toURL: vmDir.configURL)

-      try vmConfig.save(toURL: vmDir.configURL)
-
-      if diskSize != nil {
-        try vmDir.resizeDisk(diskSize!)
-      }
-
-      Foundation.exit(0)
-    } catch {
-      print(error)
-
-      Foundation.exit(1)
+    if diskSize != nil {
+      try vmDir.resizeDisk(diskSize!)
    }
  }
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+import ArgumentParser
+import Foundation
+import System
+import SwiftDate
+
+struct Stop: AsyncParsableCommand {
+  static var configuration = CommandConfiguration(commandName: "stop", abstract: "Stop a VM")
+
+  @Argument(help: "VM name")
+  var name: String
+
+  @Option(name: [.short, .long], help: "Seconds to wait for graceful termination before forcefully terminating the VM")
+  var timeout: UInt64 = 30
+
+  func run() async throws {
+    let vmDir = try VMStorageLocal().open(name)
+    switch try vmDir.state() {
+    case "suspended":
+      try stopSuspended(vmDir)
+    case "running":
+      try await stopRunning(vmDir)
+    default:
+      return
+    }
+  }
+
+  func stopSuspended(_ vmDir: VMDirectory) throws {
+    try? FileManager.default.removeItem(at: vmDir.stateURL)
+  }
+
+  func stopRunning(_ vmDir: VMDirectory) async throws {
+    let lock = try PIDLock(lockURL: vmDir.configURL)
+
+    // Find the VM's PID
+    var pid = try lock.pid()
+    if pid == 0 {
+      throw RuntimeError.VMNotRunning("VM \"\(name)\" is not running")
+    }
+
+    // Try to gracefully terminate the VM
+    //
+    // Note that we don't check the return code here
+    // to provide a clean exit from "tart stop" in cases
+    // when the VM is already shutting down and we hit
+    // a race condition.
+    //
+    // We check the return code in the kill(2) below, though,
+    // because it's a less common scenario and it would be
+    // nice to know for the user that we've tried all methods
+    // and failed to shutdown the VM.
+    kill(pid, SIGINT)
+
+    // Ensure that the VM has terminated
+    var gracefulWaitDuration = Measurement(value: Double(timeout), unit: UnitDuration.seconds)
+    let gracefulTickDuration = Measurement(value: Double(100), unit: UnitDuration.milliseconds)
+
+    while gracefulWaitDuration.value > 0 {
+      pid = try lock.pid()
+      if pid == 0 {
+        return
+      }
+
+      try await Task.sleep(nanoseconds: UInt64(gracefulTickDuration.converted(to: .nanoseconds).value))
+      gracefulWaitDuration = gracefulWaitDuration - gracefulTickDuration
+    }
+
+    // Seems that VM is still running, proceed with forceful termination
+    let ret = kill(pid, SIGKILL)
+    if ret != 0 {
+      let details = Errno(rawValue: CInt(errno))
+
+      throw RuntimeError.VMTerminationFailed("failed to forcefully terminate the VM \"\(name)\": \(details)")
+    }
+  }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+import ArgumentParser
+import Foundation
+import System
+import SwiftDate
+
+struct Suspend: AsyncParsableCommand {
+  static var configuration = CommandConfiguration(commandName: "suspend", abstract: "Suspend a VM")
+
+  @Argument(help: "VM name")
+  var name: String
+
+  func run() async throws {
+    let vmDir = try VMStorageLocal().open(name)
+    let lock = try PIDLock(lockURL: vmDir.configURL)
+
+    // Find the VM's PID
+    var pid = try lock.pid()
+    if pid == 0 {
+      throw RuntimeError.VMNotRunning("VM \"\(name)\" is not running")
+    }
+
+    // Tell the "tart run" process to suspend the VM
+    let ret = kill(pid, SIGUSR1)
+    if ret != 0 {
+      throw RuntimeError.SuspendFailed("failed to send SIGUSR1 signal to the \"tart run\" process running VM \"\(name)\"")
+    }
+  }
+}
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import Foundation
 struct Config {
  let tartHomeDir: URL
  let tartCacheDir: URL
+  let tartTmpDir: URL

  init() throws {
    var tartHomeDir: URL
@@ -11,14 +12,30 @@ struct Config {
      tartHomeDir = URL(fileURLWithPath: customTartHome)
    } else {
      tartHomeDir = FileManager.default
-              .homeDirectoryForCurrentUser
-              .appendingPathComponent(".tart", isDirectory: true)
+        .homeDirectoryForCurrentUser
+        .appendingPathComponent(".tart", isDirectory: true)
    }
-
    self.tartHomeDir = tartHomeDir
-    tartCacheDir = tartHomeDir.appendingPathComponent("cache", isDirectory: true)

+    tartCacheDir = tartHomeDir.appendingPathComponent("cache", isDirectory: true)
    try FileManager.default.createDirectory(at: tartCacheDir, withIntermediateDirectories: true)
+
+    tartTmpDir = tartHomeDir.appendingPathComponent("tmp", isDirectory: true)
+    try FileManager.default.createDirectory(at: tartTmpDir, withIntermediateDirectories: true)
+  }
+
+  func gc() throws {
+    for entry in try FileManager.default.contentsOfDirectory(at: tartTmpDir,
+                                                             includingPropertiesForKeys: [], options: []) {
+      let lock = try FileLock(lockURL: entry)
+      if try !lock.trylock() {
+        continue
+      }
+
+      try FileManager.default.removeItem(at: entry)
+
+      try lock.unlock()
+    }
  }

  static func jsonEncoder() -> JSONEncoder {
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 import Foundation

 enum CredentialsProviderError: Error {
-    case Failed(message: String)
+  case Failed(message: String)
 }

 protocol CredentialsProvider {
-    func retrieve(host: String) throws -> (String, String)?
-    func store(host: String, user: String, password: String) throws
+  func retrieve(host: String) throws -> (String, String)?
+  func store(host: String, user: String, password: String) throws
 }
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ class DockerConfigCredentialsProvider: CredentialsProvider {
    if let credentialsFromAuth = config.auths?[host]?.decodeCredentials() {
      return credentialsFromAuth
    }
-    if let helperProgram = config.credHelpers?[host] {
+    if let helperProgram = try config.findCredHelper(host: host) {
      return try executeHelper(binaryName: "docker-credential-\(helperProgram)", host: host)
    }

@@ -22,14 +22,14 @@ class DockerConfigCredentialsProvider: CredentialsProvider {
    guard let executableURL = resolveBinaryPath(binaryName) else {
      throw CredentialsProviderError.Failed(message: "\(binaryName) not found in PATH")
    }
-    
+
    let process = Process.init()
    process.executableURL = executableURL
    process.arguments = ["get"]

    let outPipe = Pipe()
    let inPipe = Pipe()
-    
+
    process.standardOutput = outPipe
    process.standardError = outPipe
    process.standardInput = inPipe
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ class DockerConfigCredentialsProvider: CredentialsProvider {

    inPipe.fileHandleForWriting.write("\(host)\n".data(using: .utf8)!)
    inPipe.fileHandleForWriting.closeFile()
-    
+
    process.waitUntilExit()

    if !(process.terminationReason == .exit && process.terminationStatus == 0) {
@@ -59,6 +59,26 @@ class DockerConfigCredentialsProvider: CredentialsProvider {
 struct DockerConfig: Codable {
  var auths: Dictionary<String, DockerAuthConfig>? = Dictionary()
  var credHelpers: Dictionary<String, String>? = Dictionary()
+
+  func findCredHelper(host: String) throws -> String? {
+    // Tart supports wildcards in credHelpers
+    // Similar to what is requested from Docker: https://github.com/docker/cli/issues/2928
+
+    guard let credHelpers else {
+      return nil
+    }
+
+    for (hostPattern, helperProgram) in credHelpers {
+      if (hostPattern == host) {
+        return helperProgram
+      }
+      let compiledPattern = try? Regex(hostPattern)
+      if (try compiledPattern?.wholeMatch(in: host) != nil) {
+        return helperProgram
+      }
+    }
+    return nil
+  }
 }

 struct DockerAuthConfig: Codable {
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+import Foundation
+
+class EnvironmentCredentialsProvider: CredentialsProvider {
+  func retrieve(host: String) throws -> (String, String)? {
+    if let tartRegistryHostname = ProcessInfo.processInfo.environment["TART_REGISTRY_HOSTNAME"],
+       tartRegistryHostname != host {
+      return nil
+    }
+
+    let username = ProcessInfo.processInfo.environment["TART_REGISTRY_USERNAME"]
+    let password = ProcessInfo.processInfo.environment["TART_REGISTRY_PASSWORD"]
+    if let username = username, let password = password {
+      return (username, password)
+    }
+    return nil
+  }
+
+  func store(host: String, user: String, password: String) throws {
+  }
+}
@@ -1,66 +1,84 @@
 import Foundation

 class KeychainCredentialsProvider: CredentialsProvider {
-    func retrieve(host: String) throws -> (String, String)? {
-        let query: [String: Any] = [kSecClass as String: kSecClassInternetPassword,
-                                    kSecAttrProtocol as String: kSecAttrProtocolHTTPS,
-                                    kSecAttrServer as String: host,
-                                    kSecMatchLimit as String: kSecMatchLimitOne,
-                                    kSecReturnAttributes as String: true,
-                                    kSecReturnData as String: true,
-                                    kSecAttrLabel as String: "Tart Credentials",
-        ]
+  func retrieve(host: String) throws -> (String, String)? {
+    let query: [String: Any] = [kSecClass as String: kSecClassInternetPassword,
+                                kSecAttrProtocol as String: kSecAttrProtocolHTTPS,
+                                kSecAttrServer as String: host,
+                                kSecMatchLimit as String: kSecMatchLimitOne,
+                                kSecReturnAttributes as String: true,
+                                kSecReturnData as String: true,
+                                kSecAttrLabel as String: "Tart Credentials",
+    ]

-        var item: CFTypeRef?
-        let status = SecItemCopyMatching(query as CFDictionary, &item)
+    var item: CFTypeRef?
+    let status = SecItemCopyMatching(query as CFDictionary, &item)

-        if status != errSecSuccess {
-            if status == errSecItemNotFound {
-                return nil
-            }
+    if status != errSecSuccess {
+      if status == errSecItemNotFound {
+        return nil
+      }

-            throw CredentialsProviderError.Failed(message: "Keychain returned unsuccessful status \(status)")
-        }
-
-        guard let item = item as? [String: Any],
-              let user = item[kSecAttrAccount as String] as? String,
-              let passwordData = item[kSecValueData as String] as? Data,
-              let password = String(data: passwordData, encoding: .utf8)
-        else {
-            throw CredentialsProviderError.Failed(message: "Keychain item has unexpected format")
-        }
-
-        return (user, password)
+      throw CredentialsProviderError.Failed(message: "Keychain returned unsuccessful status \(status)")
    }

-    func store(host: String, user: String, password: String) throws {
-        let passwordData = password.data(using: .utf8)
-        let key: [String: Any] = [kSecClass as String: kSecClassInternetPassword,
-                                  kSecAttrProtocol as String: kSecAttrProtocolHTTPS,
-                                  kSecAttrServer as String: host,
-                                  kSecAttrLabel as String: "Tart Credentials",
-        ]
-        let value: [String: Any] = [kSecAttrAccount as String: user,
-                                    kSecValueData as String: passwordData,
-        ]
-
-        let status = SecItemCopyMatching(key as CFDictionary, nil)
-
-        switch status {
-        case errSecItemNotFound:
-            let status = SecItemAdd(key.merging(value) { (current, _) in current } as CFDictionary, nil)
-            if status != errSecSuccess {
-              throw CredentialsProviderError.Failed(message: "Keychain failed to add item: \(status.explanation())")
-            }
-        case errSecSuccess:
-            let status = SecItemUpdate(key as CFDictionary, value as CFDictionary)
-            if status != errSecSuccess {
-              throw CredentialsProviderError.Failed(message: "Keychain failed to update item: \(status.explanation())")
-            }
-        default:
-            throw CredentialsProviderError.Failed(message: "Keychain failed to find item: \(status.explanation())")
-        }
+    guard let item = item as? [String: Any],
+          let user = item[kSecAttrAccount as String] as? String,
+          let passwordData = item[kSecValueData as String] as? Data,
+          let password = String(data: passwordData, encoding: .utf8)
+    else {
+      throw CredentialsProviderError.Failed(message: "Keychain item has unexpected format")
    }
+
+    return (user, password)
+  }
+
+  func store(host: String, user: String, password: String) throws {
+    let passwordData = password.data(using: .utf8)
+    let key: [String: Any] = [kSecClass as String: kSecClassInternetPassword,
+                              kSecAttrProtocol as String: kSecAttrProtocolHTTPS,
+                              kSecAttrServer as String: host,
+                              kSecAttrLabel as String: "Tart Credentials",
+    ]
+    let value: [String: Any] = [kSecAttrAccount as String: user,
+                                kSecValueData as String: passwordData,
+    ]
+
+    let status = SecItemCopyMatching(key as CFDictionary, nil)
+
+    switch status {
+    case errSecItemNotFound:
+      let status = SecItemAdd(key.merging(value) { (current, _) in current } as CFDictionary, nil)
+      if status != errSecSuccess {
+        throw CredentialsProviderError.Failed(message: "Keychain failed to add item: \(status.explanation())")
+      }
+    case errSecSuccess:
+      let status = SecItemUpdate(key as CFDictionary, value as CFDictionary)
+      if status != errSecSuccess {
+        throw CredentialsProviderError.Failed(message: "Keychain failed to update item: \(status.explanation())")
+      }
+    default:
+      throw CredentialsProviderError.Failed(message: "Keychain failed to find item: \(status.explanation())")
+    }
+  }
+
+  func remove(host: String) throws {
+    let query: [String: Any] = [kSecClass as String: kSecClassInternetPassword,
+                                kSecAttrServer as String: host,
+                                kSecAttrLabel as String: "Tart Credentials",
+    ]
+
+    let status = SecItemDelete(query as CFDictionary)
+
+    switch status {
+    case errSecSuccess:
+      return
+    case errSecItemNotFound:
+      return
+    default:
+      throw CredentialsProviderError.Failed(message: "Failed to remove Keychain item(s): \(status.explanation())")
+    }
+  }
 }

 extension OSStatus {
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+import Foundation
+import Sysctl
+
+class DeviceInfo {
+  private static var osMemoized: String? = nil
+  private static var modelMemoized: String? = nil
+
+  static var os: String {
+    if let os = osMemoized {
+      return os
+    }
+
+    osMemoized = getOS()
+
+    return osMemoized!
+  }
+
+  static var model: String {
+    if let model = modelMemoized {
+      return model
+    }
+
+    modelMemoized = getModel()
+
+    return modelMemoized!
+  }
+
+  private static func getOS() -> String {
+    let osVersion = ProcessInfo.processInfo.operatingSystemVersion
+
+    return "macOS \(osVersion.majorVersion).\(osVersion.minorVersion).\(osVersion.patchVersion)"
+  }
+
+  private static func getModel() -> String {
+    return SystemControl().hardware.model
+  }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+import Foundation
+import AsyncAlgorithms
+
+fileprivate let urlSession = createURLSession()
+
+class Fetcher {
+  static func fetch(_ request: URLRequest, viaFile: Bool = false) async throws -> (AsyncThrowingChannel<Data, Error>, HTTPURLResponse) {
+    if viaFile {
+      return try await fetchViaFile(request)
+    }
+
+    return try await fetchViaMemory(request)
+  }
+
+  private static func fetchViaMemory(_ request: URLRequest) async throws -> (AsyncThrowingChannel<Data, Error>, HTTPURLResponse) {
+    let dataCh = AsyncThrowingChannel<Data, Error>()
+
+    let (data, response) = try await urlSession.data(for: request)
+
+    Task {
+      await dataCh.send(data)
+
+      dataCh.finish()
+    }
+
+    return (dataCh, response as! HTTPURLResponse)
+  }
+
+  private static func fetchViaFile(_ request: URLRequest) async throws -> (AsyncThrowingChannel<Data, Error>, HTTPURLResponse) {
+    let dataCh = AsyncThrowingChannel<Data, Error>()
+
+    let (fileURL, response) = try await urlSession.download(for: request)
+
+    // Acquire a handle to the downloaded file and then remove it.
+    //
+    // This keeps a working reference to that file, yet we don't
+    // have to deal with the cleanup any more.
+    let fh = try FileHandle(forReadingFrom: fileURL)
+    try FileManager.default.removeItem(at: fileURL)
+
+    Task {
+      while let data = try fh.read(upToCount: 64 * 1024 * 1024) {
+        await dataCh.send(data)
+      }
+
+      dataCh.finish()
+    }
+
+    return (dataCh, response as! HTTPURLResponse)
+  }
+}
+
+fileprivate func createURLSession() -> URLSession {
+  let config = URLSessionConfiguration.default
+
+  // Harbor expects a CSRF token to be present if the HTTP client
+  // carries a session cookie between its requests[1] and fails if
+  // it was not present[2].
+  //
+  // To fix that, we disable the automatic cookies carry in URLSession.
+  //
+  // [1]: https://github.com/goharbor/harbor/blob/a4c577f9ec4f18396207a5e686433a6ba203d4ef/src/server/middleware/csrf/csrf.go#L78
+  // [2]: https://github.com/cirruslabs/tart/issues/295
+  config.httpShouldSetCookies = false
+
+  return URLSession(configuration: config)
+}
@@ -2,47 +2,47 @@ import Foundation
 import System

 enum FileLockError: Error, Equatable {
-    case Failed(_ message: String)
-    case AlreadyLocked
+  case Failed(_ message: String)
+  case AlreadyLocked
 }

 class FileLock {
-    let url: URL
-    let fd: Int32
+  let url: URL
+  let fd: Int32

-    init(lockURL: URL) throws {
-        url = lockURL
-        fd = open(lockURL.path, 0)
+  init(lockURL: URL) throws {
+    url = lockURL
+    fd = open(lockURL.path, 0)
+  }
+
+  deinit {
+    close(fd)
+  }
+
+  func trylock() throws -> Bool {
+    try flockWrapper(LOCK_EX | LOCK_NB)
+  }
+
+  func lock() throws {
+    _ = try flockWrapper(LOCK_EX)
+  }
+
+  func unlock() throws {
+    _ = try flockWrapper(LOCK_UN)
+  }
+
+  func flockWrapper(_ operation: Int32) throws -> Bool {
+    let ret = flock(fd, operation)
+    if ret != 0 {
+      let details = Errno(rawValue: CInt(errno))
+
+      if (operation & LOCK_NB) != 0 && details == .wouldBlock {
+        return false
+      }
+
+      throw FileLockError.Failed("failed to lock \(url): \(details)")
    }

-    deinit {
-        close(fd)
-    }
-
-    func trylock() throws -> Bool {
-        try flockWrapper(LOCK_EX | LOCK_NB)
-    }
-
-    func lock() throws {
-        _ = try flockWrapper(LOCK_EX)
-    }
-
-    func unlock() throws {
-        _ = try flockWrapper(LOCK_UN)
-    }
-
-    func flockWrapper(_ operation: Int32) throws -> Bool {
-        let ret = flock(fd, operation)
-        if ret != 0 {
-            let details = Errno(rawValue: CInt(errno))
-
-            if (operation & LOCK_NB) != 0 && details == .wouldBlock {
-                return false
-            }
-
-            throw FileLockError.Failed("failed to lock \(url): \(details)")
-        }
-
-        return true
-    }
+    return true
+  }
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+import ArgumentParser
+import Foundation
+import TextTable
+
+enum Format: String, ExpressibleByArgument, CaseIterable {
+  case text, json
+
+  private(set) static var allValueStrings: [String] = Format.allCases.map { "\($0)"}
+
+  func renderSingle<T>(_ data: T) -> String where T: Encodable {
+    switch self {
+    case .text:
+      return renderList([data])
+    case .json:
+      let encoder = JSONEncoder()
+      encoder.outputFormatting = .prettyPrinted
+      return try! encoder.encode(data).asText()
+    }
+  }
+
+  func renderList<T>(_ data: Array<T>) -> String where T: Encodable {
+    switch self {
+    case .text:
+      if (data.count == 0) {
+        return ""
+      }
+      let table = TextTable<T> { (item: T) in
+        let mirroredObject = Mirror(reflecting: item)
+        return mirroredObject.children.enumerated()
+          .filter {(_, element) in
+            // Deprecate the "Running" field: only make it available
+            // from JSON for backwards-compatibility
+            element.label! != "Running"
+          }
+          .map { (_, element) in
+            let fieldName = element.label!
+            return Column(title: fieldName, value: element.value)
+          }
+      }
+      return table.string(for: data, style: Style.plain)?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines) ?? ""
+    case .json:
+      let encoder = JSONEncoder()
+      encoder.outputFormatting = .prettyPrinted
+      return try! encoder.encode(data).asText()
+    }
+  }
+}
@@ -9,12 +9,12 @@ class IPSWCache: PrunableStorage {
    try FileManager.default.createDirectory(at: baseURL, withIntermediateDirectories: true)
  }

-  func locationFor(image: VZMacOSRestoreImage) -> URL {
-    baseURL.appendingPathComponent("\(image.buildVersion).ipsw", isDirectory: false)
+  func locationFor(fileName: String) -> URL {
+    baseURL.appendingPathComponent(fileName, isDirectory: false)
  }

  func prunables() throws -> [Prunable] {
    try FileManager.default.contentsOfDirectory(at: baseURL, includingPropertiesForKeys: nil)
-            .filter { $0.lastPathComponent.hasSuffix(".ipsw")}
+      .filter { $0.lastPathComponent.hasSuffix(".ipsw")}
  }
 }
@@ -3,117 +3,119 @@ import Network
 import Virtualization

 struct ARPCommandFailedError: Error, CustomStringConvertible {
-    var terminationReason: Process.TerminationReason
-    var terminationStatus: Int32
+  var terminationReason: Process.TerminationReason
+  var terminationStatus: Int32

-    var description: String {
-        var reason: String
+  var description: String {
+    var reason: String

-        switch terminationReason {
-        case .exit:
-            reason = "exit code \(terminationStatus)"
-        case .uncaughtSignal:
-            reason = "uncaught signal"
-        default:
-            reason = "unknown reason"
-        }
-
-        return "arp command failed: \(reason)"
+    switch terminationReason {
+    case .exit:
+      reason = "exit code \(terminationStatus)"
+    case .uncaughtSignal:
+      reason = "uncaught signal"
+    default:
+      reason = "unknown reason"
    }
+
+    return "arp command failed: \(reason)"
+  }
 }

 struct ARPCommandYieldedInvalidOutputError: Error, CustomStringConvertible {
-    var explanation: String
+  var explanation: String

-    var description: String {
-        "arp command yielded invalid output: \(explanation)"
-    }
+  var description: String {
+    "arp command yielded invalid output: \(explanation)"
+  }
 }

 struct ARPCacheInternalError: Error, CustomStringConvertible {
-    var explanation: String
+  var explanation: String

-    var description: String {
-        "ARPCache internal error: \(explanation)"
-    }
+  var description: String {
+    "ARPCache internal error: \(explanation)"
+  }
 }

 struct ARPCache {
-    static func ResolveMACAddress(macAddress: MACAddress, bridgeOnly: Bool = true) throws -> IPv4Address? {
-        let process = Process.init()
-        process.executableURL = URL.init(fileURLWithPath: "/usr/sbin/arp")
-        process.arguments = ["-an"]
+  let arpCommandOutput: Data

-        let pipe = Pipe()
-        process.standardOutput = pipe
-        process.standardError = pipe
-        process.standardInput = FileHandle.nullDevice
+  init() throws {
+    let process = Process.init()
+    process.executableURL = URL.init(fileURLWithPath: "/usr/sbin/arp")
+    process.arguments = ["-an"]

-        try process.run()
-        process.waitUntilExit()
+    let pipe = Pipe()
+    process.standardOutput = pipe
+    process.standardError = pipe
+    process.standardInput = FileHandle.nullDevice

-        if !(process.terminationReason == .exit && process.terminationStatus == 0) {
-            throw ARPCommandFailedError(
-                    terminationReason: process.terminationReason,
-                    terminationStatus: process.terminationStatus)
-        }
+    try process.run()
+    process.waitUntilExit()

-        guard let rawLines = try pipe.fileHandleForReading.readToEnd() else {
-            throw ARPCommandYieldedInvalidOutputError(explanation: "empty output")
-        }
-        let lines = String(decoding: rawLines, as: UTF8.self)
-                .trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
-                .components(separatedBy: "\n")
-
-        // Based on https://opensource.apple.com/source/network_cmds/network_cmds-606.40.2/arp.tproj/arp.c.auto.html
-        let regex = try NSRegularExpression(pattern: #"^.* \((?<ip>.*)\) at (?<mac>.*) on (?<interface>.*) .*$"#)
-
-        for line in lines {
-            let nsLineRange = NSRange(line.startIndex..<line.endIndex, in: line)
-
-            guard let match = regex.firstMatch(in: line, range: nsLineRange) else {
-                throw ARPCommandYieldedInvalidOutputError(explanation: "unparseable entry \"\(line)\"")
-            }
-
-            let rawIP = try match.getCaptureGroup(name: "ip", for: line)
-            guard let ip = IPv4Address(rawIP) else {
-                throw ARPCommandYieldedInvalidOutputError(explanation: "failed to parse IPv4 address \(rawIP)")
-            }
-
-            let rawMAC = try match.getCaptureGroup(name: "mac", for: line)
-            if rawMAC == "(incomplete)" {
-                continue
-            }
-            guard let mac = MACAddress(fromString: rawMAC) else {
-                throw ARPCommandYieldedInvalidOutputError(explanation: "failed to parse MAC address \(rawMAC)")
-            }
-
-            let interface = try match.getCaptureGroup(name: "interface", for: line)
-            if bridgeOnly && !interface.starts(with: "bridge") {
-                continue
-            }
-
-            if macAddress == mac {
-                return ip
-            }
-        }
-
-        return nil
+    if !(process.terminationReason == .exit && process.terminationStatus == 0) {
+      throw ARPCommandFailedError(
+        terminationReason: process.terminationReason,
+        terminationStatus: process.terminationStatus)
    }
+
+    guard let arpCommandOutput = try pipe.fileHandleForReading.readToEnd() else {
+      throw ARPCommandYieldedInvalidOutputError(explanation: "empty output")
+    }
+
+    self.arpCommandOutput = arpCommandOutput
+  }
+
+  func ResolveMACAddress(macAddress: MACAddress) throws -> IPv4Address? {
+    let lines = String(decoding: arpCommandOutput, as: UTF8.self)
+      .trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
+      .components(separatedBy: "\n")
+
+    // Based on https://opensource.apple.com/source/network_cmds/network_cmds-606.40.2/arp.tproj/arp.c.auto.html
+    let regex = try NSRegularExpression(pattern: #"^.* \((?<ip>.*)\) at (?<mac>.*) on (?<interface>.*) .*$"#)
+
+    for line in lines {
+      let nsLineRange = NSRange(line.startIndex..<line.endIndex, in: line)
+
+      guard let match = regex.firstMatch(in: line, range: nsLineRange) else {
+        throw ARPCommandYieldedInvalidOutputError(explanation: "unparseable entry \"\(line)\"")
+      }
+
+      let rawIP = try match.getCaptureGroup(name: "ip", for: line)
+      guard let ip = IPv4Address(rawIP) else {
+        throw ARPCommandYieldedInvalidOutputError(explanation: "failed to parse IPv4 address \(rawIP)")
+      }
+
+      let rawMAC = try match.getCaptureGroup(name: "mac", for: line)
+      if rawMAC == "(incomplete)" {
+        continue
+      }
+      guard let mac = MACAddress(fromString: rawMAC) else {
+        throw ARPCommandYieldedInvalidOutputError(explanation: "failed to parse MAC address \(rawMAC)")
+      }
+
+      if macAddress == mac {
+        return ip
+      }
+    }
+
+    return nil
+  }
 }

 extension NSTextCheckingResult {
-    func getCaptureGroup(name: String, for string: String) throws -> String {
-        let nsRange = self.range(withName: name)
+  func getCaptureGroup(name: String, for string: String) throws -> String {
+    let nsRange = self.range(withName: name)

-        if nsRange.location == NSNotFound {
-            throw ARPCacheInternalError(explanation: "attempted to retrieve non-existent named capture group \(name)")
-        }
-
-        guard let range = Range.init(nsRange, in: string) else {
-            throw ARPCacheInternalError(explanation: "failed to convert NSRange to Range")
-        }
-
-        return String(string[range])
+    if nsRange.location == NSNotFound {
+      throw ARPCacheInternalError(explanation: "attempted to retrieve non-existent named capture group \(name)")
    }
+
+    guard let range = Range.init(nsRange, in: string) else {
+      throw ARPCacheInternalError(explanation: "failed to convert NSRange to Range")
+    }
+
+    return String(string[range])
+  }
 }
@@ -19,14 +19,21 @@ enum LeasesError: Error {
 class Leases {
  private let leases: [MACAddress : Lease]

-  convenience init() throws {
+  convenience init?() throws {
    try self.init(URL(fileURLWithPath: "/var/db/dhcpd_leases"))
  }

-  convenience init(_ fromURL: URL) throws {
-    let fileContents = try String(contentsOf: fromURL, encoding: .utf8)
+  convenience init?(_ fromURL: URL) throws {
+    do {
+      let urlContents = try String(contentsOf: fromURL, encoding: .utf8)
+      try self.init(urlContents)
+    } catch {
+      if error.isFileNotFound() {
+        return nil
+      }

-    try self.init(fileContents)
+      throw error
+    }
  }

  init(_ fromString: String) throws {
@@ -100,7 +107,7 @@ class Leases {
    return rawLeases
  }

-  func resolveMACAddress(macAddress: MACAddress) throws -> IPv4Address? {
+  func ResolveMACAddress(macAddress: MACAddress) throws -> IPv4Address? {
    leases[macAddress]?.ip
  }
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+import Virtualization
+
+protocol Network {
+  func attachments() -> [VZNetworkDeviceAttachment]
+  func run(_ sema: DispatchSemaphore) throws
+  func stop() async throws
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+import Foundation
+import Virtualization
+
+class NetworkBridged: Network {
+  let interfaces: [VZBridgedNetworkInterface]
+
+  init(interfaces: [VZBridgedNetworkInterface]) {
+    self.interfaces = interfaces
+  }
+
+  func attachments() -> [VZNetworkDeviceAttachment] {
+    interfaces.map { VZBridgedNetworkDeviceAttachment(interface: $0) }
+  }
+
+  func run(_ sema: DispatchSemaphore) throws {
+    // no-op, only used for Softnet
+  }
+
+  func stop() async throws {
+    // no-op, only used for Softnet
+  }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+import Foundation
+import Virtualization
+
+class NetworkShared: Network {
+  func attachments() -> [VZNetworkDeviceAttachment] {
+    [VZNATNetworkDeviceAttachment()]
+  }
+
+  func run(_ sema: DispatchSemaphore) throws {
+    // no-op, only used for Softnet
+  }
+
+  func stop() async throws {
+    // no-op, only used for Softnet
+  }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+import Foundation
+import Virtualization
+import Atomics
+import System
+
+enum SoftnetError: Error {
+  case InitializationFailed(why: String)
+  case RuntimeFailed(why: String)
+}
+
+class Softnet: Network {
+  private let process = Process()
+  private var monitorTask: Task<Void, Error>? = nil
+  private let monitorTaskFinished = ManagedAtomic<Bool>(false)
+
+  let vmFD: Int32
+
+  init(vmMACAddress: String) throws {
+    let fds = UnsafeMutablePointer<Int32>.allocate(capacity: MemoryLayout<Int>.stride * 2)
+
+    let ret = socketpair(AF_UNIX, SOCK_DGRAM, 0, fds)
+    if ret != 0 {
+      throw SoftnetError.InitializationFailed(why: "socketpair() failed with exit code \(ret)")
+    }
+
+    vmFD = fds[0]
+    let softnetFD = fds[1]
+
+    try setSocketBuffers(vmFD, 1 * 1024 * 1024);
+    try setSocketBuffers(softnetFD, 1 * 1024 * 1024);
+
+    process.executableURL = try Self.softnetExecutableURL()
+    process.arguments = ["--vm-fd", String(STDIN_FILENO), "--vm-mac-address", vmMACAddress]
+    process.standardInput = FileHandle(fileDescriptor: softnetFD, closeOnDealloc: false)
+  }
+
+  static func softnetExecutableURL() throws -> URL {
+    let binaryName = "softnet"
+
+    guard let executableURL = resolveBinaryPath(binaryName) else {
+      throw SoftnetError.InitializationFailed(why: "\(binaryName) not found in PATH")
+    }
+
+    return executableURL
+  }
+
+  func run(_ sema: DispatchSemaphore) throws {
+    try process.run()
+
+    monitorTask = Task {
+      // Wait for the Softnet to finish
+      process.waitUntilExit()
+
+      // Signal to the caller that the Softnet has finished
+      sema.signal()
+
+      // Signal to ourselves that the Softnet has finished
+      monitorTaskFinished.store(true, ordering: .sequentiallyConsistent)
+    }
+  }
+
+  func stop() async throws {
+    if monitorTaskFinished.load(ordering: .sequentiallyConsistent) {
+      // Consume the monitor task's value to ensure the task has finished
+      _ = try await monitorTask?.value
+
+      throw SoftnetError.RuntimeFailed(why: "Softnet process terminated prematurely")
+    } else {
+      process.interrupt()
+
+      // Consume the monitor task's value to ensure the task has finished
+      _ = try await monitorTask?.value
+    }
+  }
+
+  private func setSocketBuffers(_ fd: Int32, _ sizeBytes: Int) throws {
+    let option_len = socklen_t(MemoryLayout<Int>.size)
+
+    // The system expects the value of SO_RCVBUF to be at least double the value of SO_SNDBUF,
+    // and for optimal performance, the recommended value of SO_RCVBUF is four times the value of SO_SNDBUF.
+    // See: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/virtualization/vzfilehandlenetworkdeviceattachment/3969266-maximumtransmissionunit
+    var receiveBufferSize = 4 * sizeBytes
+    var ret = setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_RCVBUF, &receiveBufferSize, option_len)
+    if ret != 0 {
+      throw SoftnetError.InitializationFailed(why: "setsockopt(SO_RCVBUF) returned \(ret)")
+    }
+
+    var sendBufferSize = sizeBytes
+    ret = setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_SNDBUF, &sendBufferSize, option_len)
+    if ret != 0 {
+      throw SoftnetError.InitializationFailed(why: "setsockopt(SO_SNDBUF) returned \(ret)")
+    }
+  }
+
+  func attachments() -> [VZNetworkDeviceAttachment] {
+    let fh = FileHandle.init(fileDescriptor: vmFD)
+    return [VZFileHandleNetworkDeviceAttachment(fileHandle: fh)]
+  }
+
+  static func configureSUIDBitIfNeeded() throws {
+    // Obtain the Softnet executable path
+    //
+    // It's important to use resolvingSymlinksInPath() here, because otherwise
+    // we will get something like "/opt/homebrew/bin/softnet" instead of
+    // "/opt/homebrew/Cellar/softnet/0.6.2/bin/softnet"
+    let softnetExecutablePath = try Softnet.softnetExecutableURL().resolvingSymlinksInPath().path
+
+    // Check if the SUID bit is already configured
+    let info = try FileManager.default.attributesOfItem(atPath: softnetExecutablePath) as NSDictionary
+    if info.fileOwnerAccountID() == 0 && (info.filePosixPermissions() & Int(S_ISUID)) != 0 {
+      return
+    }
+
+    // Check if the passwordless Sudo is already configured for Softnet
+    let sudoBinaryName = "sudo"
+
+    guard let sudoExecutableURL = resolveBinaryPath(sudoBinaryName) else {
+      throw SoftnetError.InitializationFailed(why: "\(sudoBinaryName) not found in PATH")
+    }
+
+    var process = Process()
+    process.executableURL = sudoExecutableURL
+    process.arguments = ["--non-interactive", "softnet", "--help"]
+    process.standardInput = nil
+    process.standardOutput = nil
+    process.standardError = nil
+    try process.run()
+    process.waitUntilExit()
+    if process.terminationStatus == 0 {
+      return
+    }
+
+    // Configure the SUID bit by spawning the Sudo process in interactive mode
+    // and asking the user for password required to run chown & chmod
+    fputs("Softnet requires a Sudo password to set the SUID bit on the Softnet executable, please enter it below.\n",
+          stderr)
+
+    process = try Process.run(sudoExecutableURL, arguments: [
+      "sh",
+      "-c",
+      "chown root \(softnetExecutablePath) && chmod u+s \(softnetExecutablePath)",
+    ])
+
+    // Set TTY's foreground process group to that of the Sudo process,
+    // otherwise it will get stopped by a SIGTTIN once user input arrives
+    if tcsetpgrp(STDIN_FILENO, process.processIdentifier) == -1 {
+      let details = Errno(rawValue: CInt(errno))
+
+      throw RuntimeError.SoftnetFailed("tcsetpgrp(2) failed: \(details)")
+    }
+
+    process.waitUntilExit()
+
+    if process.terminationStatus != 0 {
+      throw RuntimeError.SoftnetFailed("failed to configure SUID bit on Softnet executable with Sudo")
+    }
+  }
+}
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ class Digest {
 extension SHA256.Digest {
  func hexdigest() -> String {
    "sha256:" + self.map {
-              String(format: "%02x", $0)
-            }
-            .joined()
+      String(format: "%02x", $0)
+    }
+    .joined()
  }
 }
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ let ociConfigMediaType = "application/vnd.oci.image.config.v1+json"

 // Annotations
 let uncompressedDiskSizeAnnotation = "org.cirruslabs.tart.uncompressed-disk-size"
+let uploadTimeAnnotation = "org.cirruslabs.tart.upload-time"

 struct OCIManifest: Codable, Equatable {
  var schemaVersion: Int = 2
@@ -13,15 +14,21 @@ struct OCIManifest: Codable, Equatable {
  var layers: [OCIManifestLayer] = Array()
  var annotations: Dictionary<String, String>?

-  init(config: OCIManifestConfig, layers: [OCIManifestLayer], uncompressedDiskSize: UInt64? = nil) {
+  init(config: OCIManifestConfig, layers: [OCIManifestLayer], uncompressedDiskSize: UInt64? = nil, uploadDate: Date? = nil) {
    self.config = config
    self.layers = layers

+    var annotations: [String: String] = [:]
+
    if let uncompressedDiskSize = uncompressedDiskSize {
-      annotations = [
-        uncompressedDiskSizeAnnotation: String(uncompressedDiskSize)
-      ]
+      annotations[uncompressedDiskSizeAnnotation] = String(uncompressedDiskSize)
    }
+
+    if let uploadDate = uploadDate {
+      annotations[uploadTimeAnnotation] = uploadDate.toISO()
+    }
+
+    self.annotations = annotations
  }

  init(fromJSON: Data) throws {
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ null
 ':'
 '/'
 '.'
-'@'
 '-'
+'@'
 '_'
 null
 null
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ rule names:
 root
 host
 port
+host_component
 namespace
 namespace_component
 reference
@@ -33,4 +34,4 @@ name


 atn:
-[4, 1, 8, 85, 2, 0, 7, 0, 2, 1, 7, 1, 2, 2, 7, 2, 2, 3, 7, 3, 2, 4, 7, 4, 2, 5, 7, 5, 2, 6, 7, 6, 2, 7, 7, 7, 2, 8, 7, 8, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 3, 0, 22, 8, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 3, 0, 27, 8, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 5, 1, 34, 8, 1, 10, 1, 12, 1, 37, 9, 1, 1, 2, 4, 2, 40, 8, 2, 11, 2, 12, 2, 41, 1, 3, 1, 3, 1, 3, 5, 3, 47, 8, 3, 10, 3, 12, 3, 50, 9, 3, 1, 4, 1, 4, 3, 4, 54, 8, 4, 4, 4, 56, 8, 4, 11, 4, 12, 4, 57, 1, 5, 1, 5, 1, 5, 1, 5, 1, 5, 1, 5, 1, 5, 3, 5, 67, 8, 5, 1, 6, 1, 6, 1, 6, 1, 6, 5, 6, 73, 8, 6, 10, 6, 12, 6, 76, 9, 6, 1, 7, 1, 7, 1, 8, 4, 8, 81, 8, 8, 11, 8, 12, 8, 82, 1, 8, 0, 0, 9, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 0, 2, 2, 0, 3, 3, 5, 6, 1, 0, 7, 8, 85, 0, 18, 1, 0, 0, 0, 2, 30, 1, 0, 0, 0, 4, 39, 1, 0, 0, 0, 6, 43, 1, 0, 0, 0, 8, 55, 1, 0, 0, 0, 10, 66, 1, 0, 0, 0, 12, 68, 1, 0, 0, 0, 14, 77, 1, 0, 0, 0, 16, 80, 1, 0, 0, 0, 18, 21, 3, 2, 1, 0, 19, 20, 5, 1, 0, 0, 20, 22, 3, 4, 2, 0, 21, 19, 1, 0, 0, 0, 21, 22, 1, 0, 0, 0, 22, 23, 1, 0, 0, 0, 23, 24, 5, 2, 0, 0, 24, 26, 3, 6, 3, 0, 25, 27, 3, 10, 5, 0, 26, 25, 1, 0, 0, 0, 26, 27, 1, 0, 0, 0, 27, 28, 1, 0, 0, 0, 28, 29, 5, 0, 0, 1, 29, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 30, 35, 3, 16, 8, 0, 31, 32, 5, 3, 0, 0, 32, 34, 3, 16, 8, 0, 33, 31, 1, 0, 0, 0, 34, 37, 1, 0, 0, 0, 35, 33, 1, 0, 0, 0, 35, 36, 1, 0, 0, 0, 36, 3, 1, 0, 0, 0, 37, 35, 1, 0, 0, 0, 38, 40, 5, 7, 0, 0, 39, 38, 1, 0, 0, 0, 40, 41, 1, 0, 0, 0, 41, 39, 1, 0, 0, 0, 41, 42, 1, 0, 0, 0, 42, 5, 1, 0, 0, 0, 43, 48, 3, 8, 4, 0, 44, 45, 5, 2, 0, 0, 45, 47, 3, 8, 4, 0, 46, 44, 1, 0, 0, 0, 47, 50, 1, 0, 0, 0, 48, 46, 1, 0, 0, 0, 48, 49, 1, 0, 0, 0, 49, 7, 1, 0, 0, 0, 50, 48, 1, 0, 0, 0, 51, 53, 3, 16, 8, 0, 52, 54, 3, 14, 7, 0, 53, 52, 1, 0, 0, 0, 53, 54, 1, 0, 0, 0, 54, 56, 1, 0, 0, 0, 55, 51, 1, 0, 0, 0, 56, 57, 1, 0, 0, 0, 57, 55, 1, 0, 0, 0, 57, 58, 1, 0, 0, 0, 58, 9, 1, 0, 0, 0, 59, 60, 5, 1, 0, 0, 60, 67, 3, 12, 6, 0, 61, 62, 5, 4, 0, 0, 62, 63, 3, 16, 8, 0, 63, 64, 5, 1, 0, 0, 64, 65, 3, 16, 8, 0, 65, 67, 1, 0, 0, 0, 66, 59, 1, 0, 0, 0, 66, 61, 1, 0, 0, 0, 67, 11, 1, 0, 0, 0, 68, 74, 3, 16, 8, 0, 69, 70, 3, 14, 7, 0, 70, 71, 3, 16, 8, 0, 71, 73, 1, 0, 0, 0, 72, 69, 1, 0, 0, 0, 73, 76, 1, 0, 0, 0, 74, 72, 1, 0, 0, 0, 74, 75, 1, 0, 0, 0, 75, 13, 1, 0, 0, 0, 76, 74, 1, 0, 0, 0, 77, 78, 7, 0, 0, 0, 78, 15, 1, 0, 0, 0, 79, 81, 7, 1, 0, 0, 80, 79, 1, 0, 0, 0, 81, 82, 1, 0, 0, 0, 82, 80, 1, 0, 0, 0, 82, 83, 1, 0, 0, 0, 83, 17, 1, 0, 0, 0, 10, 21, 26, 35, 41, 48, 53, 57, 66, 74, 82]
+[4, 1, 8, 95, 2, 0, 7, 0, 2, 1, 7, 1, 2, 2, 7, 2, 2, 3, 7, 3, 2, 4, 7, 4, 2, 5, 7, 5, 2, 6, 7, 6, 2, 7, 7, 7, 2, 8, 7, 8, 2, 9, 7, 9, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 3, 0, 24, 8, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 3, 0, 29, 8, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 5, 1, 36, 8, 1, 10, 1, 12, 1, 39, 9, 1, 1, 2, 4, 2, 42, 8, 2, 11, 2, 12, 2, 43, 1, 3, 1, 3, 1, 3, 5, 3, 49, 8, 3, 10, 3, 12, 3, 52, 9, 3, 1, 4, 1, 4, 1, 4, 5, 4, 57, 8, 4, 10, 4, 12, 4, 60, 9, 4, 1, 5, 1, 5, 3, 5, 64, 8, 5, 4, 5, 66, 8, 5, 11, 5, 12, 5, 67, 1, 6, 1, 6, 1, 6, 1, 6, 1, 6, 1, 6, 1, 6, 3, 6, 77, 8, 6, 1, 7, 1, 7, 1, 7, 1, 7, 5, 7, 83, 8, 7, 10, 7, 12, 7, 86, 9, 7, 1, 8, 1, 8, 1, 9, 4, 9, 91, 8, 9, 11, 9, 12, 9, 92, 1, 9, 0, 0, 10, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 0, 2, 2, 0, 3, 4, 6, 6, 1, 0, 7, 8, 95, 0, 20, 1, 0, 0, 0, 2, 32, 1, 0, 0, 0, 4, 41, 1, 0, 0, 0, 6, 45, 1, 0, 0, 0, 8, 53, 1, 0, 0, 0, 10, 65, 1, 0, 0, 0, 12, 76, 1, 0, 0, 0, 14, 78, 1, 0, 0, 0, 16, 87, 1, 0, 0, 0, 18, 90, 1, 0, 0, 0, 20, 23, 3, 2, 1, 0, 21, 22, 5, 1, 0, 0, 22, 24, 3, 4, 2, 0, 23, 21, 1, 0, 0, 0, 23, 24, 1, 0, 0, 0, 24, 25, 1, 0, 0, 0, 25, 26, 5, 2, 0, 0, 26, 28, 3, 8, 4, 0, 27, 29, 3, 12, 6, 0, 28, 27, 1, 0, 0, 0, 28, 29, 1, 0, 0, 0, 29, 30, 1, 0, 0, 0, 30, 31, 5, 0, 0, 1, 31, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 32, 37, 3, 6, 3, 0, 33, 34, 5, 3, 0, 0, 34, 36, 3, 6, 3, 0, 35, 33, 1, 0, 0, 0, 36, 39, 1, 0, 0, 0, 37, 35, 1, 0, 0, 0, 37, 38, 1, 0, 0, 0, 38, 3, 1, 0, 0, 0, 39, 37, 1, 0, 0, 0, 40, 42, 5, 7, 0, 0, 41, 40, 1, 0, 0, 0, 42, 43, 1, 0, 0, 0, 43, 41, 1, 0, 0, 0, 43, 44, 1, 0, 0, 0, 44, 5, 1, 0, 0, 0, 45, 50, 3, 18, 9, 0, 46, 47, 5, 4, 0, 0, 47, 49, 3, 18, 9, 0, 48, 46, 1, 0, 0, 0, 49, 52, 1, 0, 0, 0, 50, 48, 1, 0, 0, 0, 50, 51, 1, 0, 0, 0, 51, 7, 1, 0, 0, 0, 52, 50, 1, 0, 0, 0, 53, 58, 3, 10, 5, 0, 54, 55, 5, 2, 0, 0, 55, 57, 3, 10, 5, 0, 56, 54, 1, 0, 0, 0, 57, 60, 1, 0, 0, 0, 58, 56, 1, 0, 0, 0, 58, 59, 1, 0, 0, 0, 59, 9, 1, 0, 0, 0, 60, 58, 1, 0, 0, 0, 61, 63, 3, 18, 9, 0, 62, 64, 3, 16, 8, 0, 63, 62, 1, 0, 0, 0, 63, 64, 1, 0, 0, 0, 64, 66, 1, 0, 0, 0, 65, 61, 1, 0, 0, 0, 66, 67, 1, 0, 0, 0, 67, 65, 1, 0, 0, 0, 67, 68, 1, 0, 0, 0, 68, 11, 1, 0, 0, 0, 69, 70, 5, 1, 0, 0, 70, 77, 3, 14, 7, 0, 71, 72, 5, 5, 0, 0, 72, 73, 3, 18, 9, 0, 73, 74, 5, 1, 0, 0, 74, 75, 3, 18, 9, 0, 75, 77, 1, 0, 0, 0, 76, 69, 1, 0, 0, 0, 76, 71, 1, 0, 0, 0, 77, 13, 1, 0, 0, 0, 78, 84, 3, 18, 9, 0, 79, 80, 3, 16, 8, 0, 80, 81, 3, 18, 9, 0, 81, 83, 1, 0, 0, 0, 82, 79, 1, 0, 0, 0, 83, 86, 1, 0, 0, 0, 84, 82, 1, 0, 0, 0, 84, 85, 1, 0, 0, 0, 85, 15, 1, 0, 0, 0, 86, 84, 1, 0, 0, 0, 87, 88, 7, 0, 0, 0, 88, 17, 1, 0, 0, 0, 89, 91, 7, 1, 0, 0, 90, 89, 1, 0, 0, 0, 91, 92, 1, 0, 0, 0, 92, 90, 1, 0, 0, 0, 92, 93, 1, 0, 0, 0, 93, 19, 1, 0, 0, 0, 11, 23, 28, 37, 43, 50, 58, 63, 67, 76, 84, 92]
@@ -9,6 +9,6 @@ LETTER=8
 ':'=1
 '/'=2
 '.'=3
-'@'=4
-'-'=5
+'-'=4
+'@'=5
 '_'=6
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Generated from Reference.g4 by ANTLR 4.10.1
+// Generated from java-escape by ANTLR 4.11.1

 import Antlr4

@@ -49,6 +49,19 @@ open class ReferenceBaseListener: ReferenceListener {
 	 */
 	open func exitPort(_ ctx: ReferenceParser.PortContext) { }

+	/**
+	 * {@inheritDoc}
+	 *
+	 * <p>The default implementation does nothing.</p>
+	 */
+	open func enterHost_component(_ ctx: ReferenceParser.Host_componentContext) { }
+	/**
+	 * {@inheritDoc}
+	 *
+	 * <p>The default implementation does nothing.</p>
+	 */
+	open func exitHost_component(_ ctx: ReferenceParser.Host_componentContext) { }
+
 	/**
 	 * {@inheritDoc}
 	 *
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ null
 ':'
 '/'
 '.'
-'@'
 '-'
+'@'
 '_'
 null
 null
@@ -38,4 +38,4 @@ mode names:
 DEFAULT_MODE

 atn:
-[4, 0, 8, 33, 6, -1, 2, 0, 7, 0, 2, 1, 7, 1, 2, 2, 7, 2, 2, 3, 7, 3, 2, 4, 7, 4, 2, 5, 7, 5, 2, 6, 7, 6, 2, 7, 7, 7, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 3, 1, 3, 1, 4, 1, 4, 1, 5, 1, 5, 1, 6, 1, 6, 1, 7, 1, 7, 0, 0, 8, 1, 1, 3, 2, 5, 3, 7, 4, 9, 5, 11, 6, 13, 7, 15, 8, 1, 0, 2, 1, 0, 48, 57, 2, 0, 65, 90, 97, 122, 32, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 9, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 11, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 13, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 15, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 17, 1, 0, 0, 0, 3, 19, 1, 0, 0, 0, 5, 21, 1, 0, 0, 0, 7, 23, 1, 0, 0, 0, 9, 25, 1, 0, 0, 0, 11, 27, 1, 0, 0, 0, 13, 29, 1, 0, 0, 0, 15, 31, 1, 0, 0, 0, 17, 18, 5, 58, 0, 0, 18, 2, 1, 0, 0, 0, 19, 20, 5, 47, 0, 0, 20, 4, 1, 0, 0, 0, 21, 22, 5, 46, 0, 0, 22, 6, 1, 0, 0, 0, 23, 24, 5, 64, 0, 0, 24, 8, 1, 0, 0, 0, 25, 26, 5, 45, 0, 0, 26, 10, 1, 0, 0, 0, 27, 28, 5, 95, 0, 0, 28, 12, 1, 0, 0, 0, 29, 30, 7, 0, 0, 0, 30, 14, 1, 0, 0, 0, 31, 32, 7, 1, 0, 0, 32, 16, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0]
+[4, 0, 8, 33, 6, -1, 2, 0, 7, 0, 2, 1, 7, 1, 2, 2, 7, 2, 2, 3, 7, 3, 2, 4, 7, 4, 2, 5, 7, 5, 2, 6, 7, 6, 2, 7, 7, 7, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 3, 1, 3, 1, 4, 1, 4, 1, 5, 1, 5, 1, 6, 1, 6, 1, 7, 1, 7, 0, 0, 8, 1, 1, 3, 2, 5, 3, 7, 4, 9, 5, 11, 6, 13, 7, 15, 8, 1, 0, 2, 1, 0, 48, 57, 2, 0, 65, 90, 97, 122, 32, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 9, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 11, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 13, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 15, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 17, 1, 0, 0, 0, 3, 19, 1, 0, 0, 0, 5, 21, 1, 0, 0, 0, 7, 23, 1, 0, 0, 0, 9, 25, 1, 0, 0, 0, 11, 27, 1, 0, 0, 0, 13, 29, 1, 0, 0, 0, 15, 31, 1, 0, 0, 0, 17, 18, 5, 58, 0, 0, 18, 2, 1, 0, 0, 0, 19, 20, 5, 47, 0, 0, 20, 4, 1, 0, 0, 0, 21, 22, 5, 46, 0, 0, 22, 6, 1, 0, 0, 0, 23, 24, 5, 45, 0, 0, 24, 8, 1, 0, 0, 0, 25, 26, 5, 64, 0, 0, 26, 10, 1, 0, 0, 0, 27, 28, 5, 95, 0, 0, 28, 12, 1, 0, 0, 0, 29, 30, 7, 0, 0, 0, 30, 14, 1, 0, 0, 0, 31, 32, 7, 1, 0, 0, 32, 16, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0]
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Generated from Reference.g4 by ANTLR 4.10.1
+// Generated from java-escape by ANTLR 4.11.1
 import Antlr4

 open class ReferenceLexer: Lexer {
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ open class ReferenceLexer: Lexer {
 	]

 	private static let _LITERAL_NAMES: [String?] = [
-		nil, "':'", "'/'", "'.'", "'@'", "'-'", "'_'"
+		nil, "':'", "'/'", "'.'", "'-'", "'@'", "'_'"
 	]
 	private static let _SYMBOLIC_NAMES: [String?] = [
 		nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, "DIGIT", "LETTER"
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ open class ReferenceLexer: Lexer {

 	public
 	required init(_ input: CharStream) {
-	    RuntimeMetaData.checkVersion("4.10.1", RuntimeMetaData.VERSION)
+	    RuntimeMetaData.checkVersion("4.11.1", RuntimeMetaData.VERSION)
 		super.init(input)
 		_interp = LexerATNSimulator(self, ReferenceLexer._ATN, ReferenceLexer._decisionToDFA, ReferenceLexer._sharedContextCache)
 	}
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ open class ReferenceLexer: Lexer {
 		1,0,0,0,0,13,1,0,0,0,0,15,1,0,0,0,1,17,1,0,0,0,3,19,1,0,0,0,5,21,1,0,0,
 		0,7,23,1,0,0,0,9,25,1,0,0,0,11,27,1,0,0,0,13,29,1,0,0,0,15,31,1,0,0,0,
 		17,18,5,58,0,0,18,2,1,0,0,0,19,20,5,47,0,0,20,4,1,0,0,0,21,22,5,46,0,0,
-		22,6,1,0,0,0,23,24,5,64,0,0,24,8,1,0,0,0,25,26,5,45,0,0,26,10,1,0,0,0,
+		22,6,1,0,0,0,23,24,5,45,0,0,24,8,1,0,0,0,25,26,5,64,0,0,26,10,1,0,0,0,
 		27,28,5,95,0,0,28,12,1,0,0,0,29,30,7,0,0,0,30,14,1,0,0,0,31,32,7,1,0,0,
 		32,16,1,0,0,0,1,0,0
 	]
@@ -9,6 +9,6 @@ LETTER=8
 ':'=1
 '/'=2
 '.'=3
-'@'=4
-'-'=5
+'-'=4
+'@'=5
 '_'=6
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Generated from Reference.g4 by ANTLR 4.10.1
+// Generated from java-escape by ANTLR 4.11.1
 import Antlr4

 /**
@@ -42,6 +42,18 @@ public protocol ReferenceListener: ParseTreeListener {
 	   - ctx: the parse tree
 	 */
 	func exitPort(_ ctx: ReferenceParser.PortContext)
+	/**
+	 * Enter a parse tree produced by {@link ReferenceParser#host_component}.
+	 - Parameters:
+	   - ctx: the parse tree
+	 */
+	func enterHost_component(_ ctx: ReferenceParser.Host_componentContext)
+	/**
+	 * Exit a parse tree produced by {@link ReferenceParser#host_component}.
+	 - Parameters:
+	   - ctx: the parse tree
+	 */
+	func exitHost_component(_ ctx: ReferenceParser.Host_componentContext)
 	/**
 	 * Enter a parse tree produced by {@link ReferenceParser#namespace}.
 	 - Parameters:
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Generated from Reference.g4 by ANTLR 4.10.1
+// Generated from java-escape by ANTLR 4.11.1
 import Antlr4

 open class ReferenceParser: Parser {
@@ -21,18 +21,18 @@ open class ReferenceParser: Parser {
 	}

 	public
-	static let RULE_root = 0, RULE_host = 1, RULE_port = 2, RULE_namespace = 3, 
-            RULE_namespace_component = 4, RULE_reference = 5, RULE_tag = 6, 
-            RULE_separator = 7, RULE_name = 8
+	static let RULE_root = 0, RULE_host = 1, RULE_port = 2, RULE_host_component = 3, 
+            RULE_namespace = 4, RULE_namespace_component = 5, RULE_reference = 6, 
+            RULE_tag = 7, RULE_separator = 8, RULE_name = 9

 	public
 	static let ruleNames: [String] = [
-		"root", "host", "port", "namespace", "namespace_component", "reference", 
-		"tag", "separator", "name"
+		"root", "host", "port", "host_component", "namespace", "namespace_component", 
+		"reference", "tag", "separator", "name"
 	]

 	private static let _LITERAL_NAMES: [String?] = [
-		nil, "':'", "'/'", "'.'", "'@'", "'-'", "'_'"
+		nil, "':'", "'/'", "'.'", "'-'", "'@'", "'_'"
 	]
 	private static let _SYMBOLIC_NAMES: [String?] = [
 		nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, "DIGIT", "LETTER"
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ open class ReferenceParser: Parser {
 	static let VOCABULARY = Vocabulary(_LITERAL_NAMES, _SYMBOLIC_NAMES)

 	override open
-	func getGrammarFileName() -> String { return "Reference.g4" }
+	func getGrammarFileName() -> String { return "java-escape" }

 	override open
 	func getRuleNames() -> [String] { return ReferenceParser.ruleNames }
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ open class ReferenceParser: Parser {

 	override public
 	init(_ input:TokenStream) throws {
-	    RuntimeMetaData.checkVersion("4.10.1", RuntimeMetaData.VERSION)
+	    RuntimeMetaData.checkVersion("4.11.1", RuntimeMetaData.VERSION)
 		try super.init(input)
 		_interp = ParserATNSimulator(self,ReferenceParser._ATN,ReferenceParser._decisionToDFA, ReferenceParser._sharedContextCache)
 	}
@@ -115,41 +115,33 @@ open class ReferenceParser: Parser {
 	    }
 		do {
 		 	try enterOuterAlt(_localctx, 1)
-		 	setState(18)
+		 	setState(20)
 		 	try host()
-		 	setState(21)
+		 	setState(23)
 		 	try _errHandler.sync(self)
 		 	_la = try _input.LA(1)
-		 	if (//closure
-		 	 { () -> Bool in
-		 	      let testSet: Bool = _la == ReferenceParser.Tokens.T__0.rawValue
-		 	      return testSet
-		 	 }()) {
-		 		setState(19)
+		 	if (_la == ReferenceParser.Tokens.T__0.rawValue) {
+		 		setState(21)
 		 		try match(ReferenceParser.Tokens.T__0.rawValue)
-		 		setState(20)
+		 		setState(22)
 		 		try port()

 		 	}

-		 	setState(23)
+		 	setState(25)
 		 	try match(ReferenceParser.Tokens.T__1.rawValue)
-		 	setState(24)
-		 	try namespace()
 		 	setState(26)
+		 	try namespace()
+		 	setState(28)
 		 	try _errHandler.sync(self)
 		 	_la = try _input.LA(1)
-		 	if (//closure
-		 	 { () -> Bool in
-		 	      let testSet: Bool = _la == ReferenceParser.Tokens.T__0.rawValue || _la == ReferenceParser.Tokens.T__3.rawValue
-		 	      return testSet
-		 	 }()) {
-		 		setState(25)
+		 	if (_la == ReferenceParser.Tokens.T__0.rawValue || _la == ReferenceParser.Tokens.T__4.rawValue) {
+		 		setState(27)
 		 		try reference()

 		 	}

-		 	setState(28)
+		 	setState(30)
 		 	try match(ReferenceParser.Tokens.EOF.rawValue)

 		}
@@ -164,12 +156,12 @@ open class ReferenceParser: Parser {

 	public class HostContext: ParserRuleContext {
 			open
-			func name() -> [NameContext] {
-				return getRuleContexts(NameContext.self)
+			func host_component() -> [Host_componentContext] {
+				return getRuleContexts(Host_componentContext.self)
 			}
 			open
-			func name(_ i: Int) -> NameContext? {
-				return getRuleContext(NameContext.self, i)
+			func host_component(_ i: Int) -> Host_componentContext? {
+				return getRuleContext(Host_componentContext.self, i)
 			}
 		override open
 		func getRuleIndex() -> Int {
@@ -199,23 +191,19 @@ open class ReferenceParser: Parser {
 	    }
 		do {
 		 	try enterOuterAlt(_localctx, 1)
-		 	setState(30)
-		 	try name()
-		 	setState(35)
+		 	setState(32)
+		 	try host_component()
+		 	setState(37)
 		 	try _errHandler.sync(self)
 		 	_la = try _input.LA(1)
-		 	while (//closure
-		 	 { () -> Bool in
-		 	      let testSet: Bool = _la == ReferenceParser.Tokens.T__2.rawValue
-		 	      return testSet
-		 	 }()) {
-		 		setState(31)
+		 	while (_la == ReferenceParser.Tokens.T__2.rawValue) {
+		 		setState(33)
 		 		try match(ReferenceParser.Tokens.T__2.rawValue)
-		 		setState(32)
-		 		try name()
+		 		setState(34)
+		 		try host_component()


-		 		setState(37)
+		 		setState(39)
 		 		try _errHandler.sync(self)
 		 		_la = try _input.LA(1)
 		 	}
@@ -267,22 +255,82 @@ open class ReferenceParser: Parser {
 	    }
 		do {
 		 	try enterOuterAlt(_localctx, 1)
-		 	setState(39) 
+		 	setState(41) 
 		 	try _errHandler.sync(self)
 		 	_la = try _input.LA(1)
 		 	repeat {
-		 		setState(38)
+		 		setState(40)
 		 		try match(ReferenceParser.Tokens.DIGIT.rawValue)


-		 		setState(41); 
+		 		setState(43); 
 		 		try _errHandler.sync(self)
 		 		_la = try _input.LA(1)
-		 	} while (//closure
-		 	 { () -> Bool in
-		 	      let testSet: Bool = _la == ReferenceParser.Tokens.DIGIT.rawValue
-		 	      return testSet
-		 	 }())
+		 	} while (_la == ReferenceParser.Tokens.DIGIT.rawValue)
+
+		}
+		catch ANTLRException.recognition(let re) {
+			_localctx.exception = re
+			_errHandler.reportError(self, re)
+			try _errHandler.recover(self, re)
+		}
+
+		return _localctx
+	}
+
+	public class Host_componentContext: ParserRuleContext {
+			open
+			func name() -> [NameContext] {
+				return getRuleContexts(NameContext.self)
+			}
+			open
+			func name(_ i: Int) -> NameContext? {
+				return getRuleContext(NameContext.self, i)
+			}
+		override open
+		func getRuleIndex() -> Int {
+			return ReferenceParser.RULE_host_component
+		}
+		override open
+		func enterRule(_ listener: ParseTreeListener) {
+			if let listener = listener as? ReferenceListener {
+				listener.enterHost_component(self)
+			}
+		}
+		override open
+		func exitRule(_ listener: ParseTreeListener) {
+			if let listener = listener as? ReferenceListener {
+				listener.exitHost_component(self)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	@discardableResult
+	 open func host_component() throws -> Host_componentContext {
+		var _localctx: Host_componentContext
+		_localctx = Host_componentContext(_ctx, getState())
+		try enterRule(_localctx, 6, ReferenceParser.RULE_host_component)
+		var _la: Int = 0
+		defer {
+	    		try! exitRule()
+	    }
+		do {
+		 	try enterOuterAlt(_localctx, 1)
+		 	setState(45)
+		 	try name()
+		 	setState(50)
+		 	try _errHandler.sync(self)
+		 	_la = try _input.LA(1)
+		 	while (_la == ReferenceParser.Tokens.T__3.rawValue) {
+		 		setState(46)
+		 		try match(ReferenceParser.Tokens.T__3.rawValue)
+		 		setState(47)
+		 		try name()
+
+
+		 		setState(52)
+		 		try _errHandler.sync(self)
+		 		_la = try _input.LA(1)
+		 	}

 		}
 		catch ANTLRException.recognition(let re) {
@@ -324,30 +372,26 @@ open class ReferenceParser: Parser {
 	 open func namespace() throws -> NamespaceContext {
 		var _localctx: NamespaceContext
 		_localctx = NamespaceContext(_ctx, getState())
-		try enterRule(_localctx, 6, ReferenceParser.RULE_namespace)
+		try enterRule(_localctx, 8, ReferenceParser.RULE_namespace)
 		var _la: Int = 0
 		defer {
 	    		try! exitRule()
 	    }
 		do {
 		 	try enterOuterAlt(_localctx, 1)
-		 	setState(43)
+		 	setState(53)
 		 	try namespace_component()
-		 	setState(48)
+		 	setState(58)
 		 	try _errHandler.sync(self)
 		 	_la = try _input.LA(1)
-		 	while (//closure
-		 	 { () -> Bool in
-		 	      let testSet: Bool = _la == ReferenceParser.Tokens.T__1.rawValue
-		 	      return testSet
-		 	 }()) {
-		 		setState(44)
+		 	while (_la == ReferenceParser.Tokens.T__1.rawValue) {
+		 		setState(54)
 		 		try match(ReferenceParser.Tokens.T__1.rawValue)
-		 		setState(45)
+		 		setState(55)
 		 		try namespace_component()


-		 		setState(50)
+		 		setState(60)
 		 		try _errHandler.sync(self)
 		 		_la = try _input.LA(1)
 		 	}
@@ -400,45 +444,34 @@ open class ReferenceParser: Parser {
 	 open func namespace_component() throws -> Namespace_componentContext {
 		var _localctx: Namespace_componentContext
 		_localctx = Namespace_componentContext(_ctx, getState())
-		try enterRule(_localctx, 8, ReferenceParser.RULE_namespace_component)
+		try enterRule(_localctx, 10, ReferenceParser.RULE_namespace_component)
 		var _la: Int = 0
 		defer {
 	    		try! exitRule()
 	    }
 		do {
 		 	try enterOuterAlt(_localctx, 1)
-		 	setState(55) 
+		 	setState(65) 
 		 	try _errHandler.sync(self)
 		 	_la = try _input.LA(1)
 		 	repeat {
-		 		setState(51)
+		 		setState(61)
 		 		try name()
-		 		setState(53)
+		 		setState(63)
 		 		try _errHandler.sync(self)
 		 		_la = try _input.LA(1)
-		 		if (//closure
-		 		 { () -> Bool in
-		 		      let testSet: Bool = {  () -> Bool in
-		 		   let testArray: [Int] = [_la, ReferenceParser.Tokens.T__2.rawValue,ReferenceParser.Tokens.T__4.rawValue,ReferenceParser.Tokens.T__5.rawValue]
-		 		    return  Utils.testBitLeftShiftArray(testArray, 0)
-		 		}()
-		 		      return testSet
-		 		 }()) {
-		 			setState(52)
+		 		if ((Int64(_la) & ~0x3f) == 0 && ((Int64(1) << _la) & 88) != 0) {
+		 			setState(62)
 		 			try separator()

 		 		}



-		 		setState(57); 
+		 		setState(67); 
 		 		try _errHandler.sync(self)
 		 		_la = try _input.LA(1)
-		 	} while (//closure
-		 	 { () -> Bool in
-		 	      let testSet: Bool = _la == ReferenceParser.Tokens.DIGIT.rawValue || _la == ReferenceParser.Tokens.LETTER.rawValue
-		 	      return testSet
-		 	 }())
+		 	} while (_la == ReferenceParser.Tokens.DIGIT.rawValue || _la == ReferenceParser.Tokens.LETTER.rawValue)

 		}
 		catch ANTLRException.recognition(let re) {
@@ -484,33 +517,33 @@ open class ReferenceParser: Parser {
 	 open func reference() throws -> ReferenceContext {
 		var _localctx: ReferenceContext
 		_localctx = ReferenceContext(_ctx, getState())
-		try enterRule(_localctx, 10, ReferenceParser.RULE_reference)
+		try enterRule(_localctx, 12, ReferenceParser.RULE_reference)
 		defer {
 	    		try! exitRule()
 	    }
 		do {
-		 	setState(66)
+		 	setState(76)
 		 	try _errHandler.sync(self)
 		 	switch (ReferenceParser.Tokens(rawValue: try _input.LA(1))!) {
 		 	case .T__0:
 		 		try enterOuterAlt(_localctx, 1)
-		 		setState(59)
+		 		setState(69)
 		 		try match(ReferenceParser.Tokens.T__0.rawValue)
-		 		setState(60)
+		 		setState(70)
 		 		try tag()


 		 		break

-		 	case .T__3:
+		 	case .T__4:
 		 		try enterOuterAlt(_localctx, 2)
-		 		setState(61)
-		 		try match(ReferenceParser.Tokens.T__3.rawValue)
-		 		setState(62)
+		 		setState(71)
+		 		try match(ReferenceParser.Tokens.T__4.rawValue)
+		 		setState(72)
 		 		try name()
-		 		setState(63)
+		 		setState(73)
 		 		try match(ReferenceParser.Tokens.T__0.rawValue)
-		 		setState(64)
+		 		setState(74)
 		 		try name()


@@ -566,33 +599,26 @@ open class ReferenceParser: Parser {
 	 open func tag() throws -> TagContext {
 		var _localctx: TagContext
 		_localctx = TagContext(_ctx, getState())
-		try enterRule(_localctx, 12, ReferenceParser.RULE_tag)
+		try enterRule(_localctx, 14, ReferenceParser.RULE_tag)
 		var _la: Int = 0
 		defer {
 	    		try! exitRule()
 	    }
 		do {
 		 	try enterOuterAlt(_localctx, 1)
-		 	setState(68)
+		 	setState(78)
 		 	try name()
-		 	setState(74)
+		 	setState(84)
 		 	try _errHandler.sync(self)
 		 	_la = try _input.LA(1)
-		 	while (//closure
-		 	 { () -> Bool in
-		 	      let testSet: Bool = {  () -> Bool in
-		 	   let testArray: [Int] = [_la, ReferenceParser.Tokens.T__2.rawValue,ReferenceParser.Tokens.T__4.rawValue,ReferenceParser.Tokens.T__5.rawValue]
-		 	    return  Utils.testBitLeftShiftArray(testArray, 0)
-		 	}()
-		 	      return testSet
-		 	 }()) {
-		 		setState(69)
+		 	while ((Int64(_la) & ~0x3f) == 0 && ((Int64(1) << _la) & 88) != 0) {
+		 		setState(79)
 		 		try separator()
-		 		setState(70)
+		 		setState(80)
 		 		try name()


-		 		setState(76)
+		 		setState(86)
 		 		try _errHandler.sync(self)
 		 		_la = try _input.LA(1)
 		 	}
@@ -629,23 +655,16 @@ open class ReferenceParser: Parser {
 	 open func separator() throws -> SeparatorContext {
 		var _localctx: SeparatorContext
 		_localctx = SeparatorContext(_ctx, getState())
-		try enterRule(_localctx, 14, ReferenceParser.RULE_separator)
+		try enterRule(_localctx, 16, ReferenceParser.RULE_separator)
 		var _la: Int = 0
 		defer {
 	    		try! exitRule()
 	    }
 		do {
 		 	try enterOuterAlt(_localctx, 1)
-		 	setState(77)
+		 	setState(87)
 		 	_la = try _input.LA(1)
-		 	if (!(//closure
-		 	 { () -> Bool in
-		 	      let testSet: Bool = {  () -> Bool in
-		 	   let testArray: [Int] = [_la, ReferenceParser.Tokens.T__2.rawValue,ReferenceParser.Tokens.T__4.rawValue,ReferenceParser.Tokens.T__5.rawValue]
-		 	    return  Utils.testBitLeftShiftArray(testArray, 0)
-		 	}()
-		 	      return testSet
-		 	 }())) {
+		 	if (!((Int64(_la) & ~0x3f) == 0 && ((Int64(1) << _la) & 88) != 0)) {
 		 	try _errHandler.recoverInline(self)
 		 	}
 		 	else {
@@ -701,7 +720,7 @@ open class ReferenceParser: Parser {
 	 open func name() throws -> NameContext {
 		var _localctx: NameContext
 		_localctx = NameContext(_ctx, getState())
-		try enterRule(_localctx, 16, ReferenceParser.RULE_name)
+		try enterRule(_localctx, 18, ReferenceParser.RULE_name)
 		var _la: Int = 0
 		defer {
 	    		try! exitRule()
@@ -709,19 +728,15 @@ open class ReferenceParser: Parser {
 		do {
 			var _alt:Int
 		 	try enterOuterAlt(_localctx, 1)
-		 	setState(80); 
+		 	setState(90); 
 		 	try _errHandler.sync(self)
 		 	_alt = 1;
 		 	repeat {
 		 		switch (_alt) {
 		 		case 1:
-		 			setState(79)
+		 			setState(89)
 		 			_la = try _input.LA(1)
-		 			if (!(//closure
-		 			 { () -> Bool in
-		 			      let testSet: Bool = _la == ReferenceParser.Tokens.DIGIT.rawValue || _la == ReferenceParser.Tokens.LETTER.rawValue
-		 			      return testSet
-		 			 }())) {
+		 			if (!(_la == ReferenceParser.Tokens.DIGIT.rawValue || _la == ReferenceParser.Tokens.LETTER.rawValue)) {
 		 			try _errHandler.recoverInline(self)
 		 			}
 		 			else {
@@ -734,9 +749,9 @@ open class ReferenceParser: Parser {
 		 		default:
 		 			throw ANTLRException.recognition(e: NoViableAltException(self))
 		 		}
-		 		setState(82); 
+		 		setState(92); 
 		 		try _errHandler.sync(self)
-		 		_alt = try getInterpreter().adaptivePredict(_input,9,_ctx)
+		 		_alt = try getInterpreter().adaptivePredict(_input,10,_ctx)
 		 	} while (_alt != 2 && _alt !=  ATN.INVALID_ALT_NUMBER)

 		}
@@ -750,30 +765,33 @@ open class ReferenceParser: Parser {
 	}

 	static let _serializedATN:[Int] = [
-		4,1,8,85,2,0,7,0,2,1,7,1,2,2,7,2,2,3,7,3,2,4,7,4,2,5,7,5,2,6,7,6,2,7,7,
-		7,2,8,7,8,1,0,1,0,1,0,3,0,22,8,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,3,0,27,8,0,1,0,1,0,1,1,1,
-		1,1,1,5,1,34,8,1,10,1,12,1,37,9,1,1,2,4,2,40,8,2,11,2,12,2,41,1,3,1,3,
-		1,3,5,3,47,8,3,10,3,12,3,50,9,3,1,4,1,4,3,4,54,8,4,4,4,56,8,4,11,4,12,
-		4,57,1,5,1,5,1,5,1,5,1,5,1,5,1,5,3,5,67,8,5,1,6,1,6,1,6,1,6,5,6,73,8,6,
-		10,6,12,6,76,9,6,1,7,1,7,1,8,4,8,81,8,8,11,8,12,8,82,1,8,0,0,9,0,2,4,6,
-		8,10,12,14,16,0,2,2,0,3,3,5,6,1,0,7,8,85,0,18,1,0,0,0,2,30,1,0,0,0,4,39,
-		1,0,0,0,6,43,1,0,0,0,8,55,1,0,0,0,10,66,1,0,0,0,12,68,1,0,0,0,14,77,1,
-		0,0,0,16,80,1,0,0,0,18,21,3,2,1,0,19,20,5,1,0,0,20,22,3,4,2,0,21,19,1,
-		0,0,0,21,22,1,0,0,0,22,23,1,0,0,0,23,24,5,2,0,0,24,26,3,6,3,0,25,27,3,
-		10,5,0,26,25,1,0,0,0,26,27,1,0,0,0,27,28,1,0,0,0,28,29,5,0,0,1,29,1,1,
-		0,0,0,30,35,3,16,8,0,31,32,5,3,0,0,32,34,3,16,8,0,33,31,1,0,0,0,34,37,
-		1,0,0,0,35,33,1,0,0,0,35,36,1,0,0,0,36,3,1,0,0,0,37,35,1,0,0,0,38,40,5,
-		7,0,0,39,38,1,0,0,0,40,41,1,0,0,0,41,39,1,0,0,0,41,42,1,0,0,0,42,5,1,0,
-		0,0,43,48,3,8,4,0,44,45,5,2,0,0,45,47,3,8,4,0,46,44,1,0,0,0,47,50,1,0,
-		0,0,48,46,1,0,0,0,48,49,1,0,0,0,49,7,1,0,0,0,50,48,1,0,0,0,51,53,3,16,
-		8,0,52,54,3,14,7,0,53,52,1,0,0,0,53,54,1,0,0,0,54,56,1,0,0,0,55,51,1,0,
-		0,0,56,57,1,0,0,0,57,55,1,0,0,0,57,58,1,0,0,0,58,9,1,0,0,0,59,60,5,1,0,
-		0,60,67,3,12,6,0,61,62,5,4,0,0,62,63,3,16,8,0,63,64,5,1,0,0,64,65,3,16,
-		8,0,65,67,1,0,0,0,66,59,1,0,0,0,66,61,1,0,0,0,67,11,1,0,0,0,68,74,3,16,
-		8,0,69,70,3,14,7,0,70,71,3,16,8,0,71,73,1,0,0,0,72,69,1,0,0,0,73,76,1,
-		0,0,0,74,72,1,0,0,0,74,75,1,0,0,0,75,13,1,0,0,0,76,74,1,0,0,0,77,78,7,
-		0,0,0,78,15,1,0,0,0,79,81,7,1,0,0,80,79,1,0,0,0,81,82,1,0,0,0,82,80,1,
-		0,0,0,82,83,1,0,0,0,83,17,1,0,0,0,10,21,26,35,41,48,53,57,66,74,82
+		4,1,8,95,2,0,7,0,2,1,7,1,2,2,7,2,2,3,7,3,2,4,7,4,2,5,7,5,2,6,7,6,2,7,7,
+		7,2,8,7,8,2,9,7,9,1,0,1,0,1,0,3,0,24,8,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,3,0,29,8,0,1,0,1,
+		0,1,1,1,1,1,1,5,1,36,8,1,10,1,12,1,39,9,1,1,2,4,2,42,8,2,11,2,12,2,43,
+		1,3,1,3,1,3,5,3,49,8,3,10,3,12,3,52,9,3,1,4,1,4,1,4,5,4,57,8,4,10,4,12,
+		4,60,9,4,1,5,1,5,3,5,64,8,5,4,5,66,8,5,11,5,12,5,67,1,6,1,6,1,6,1,6,1,
+		6,1,6,1,6,3,6,77,8,6,1,7,1,7,1,7,1,7,5,7,83,8,7,10,7,12,7,86,9,7,1,8,1,
+		8,1,9,4,9,91,8,9,11,9,12,9,92,1,9,0,0,10,0,2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,0,2,
+		2,0,3,4,6,6,1,0,7,8,95,0,20,1,0,0,0,2,32,1,0,0,0,4,41,1,0,0,0,6,45,1,0,
+		0,0,8,53,1,0,0,0,10,65,1,0,0,0,12,76,1,0,0,0,14,78,1,0,0,0,16,87,1,0,0,
+		0,18,90,1,0,0,0,20,23,3,2,1,0,21,22,5,1,0,0,22,24,3,4,2,0,23,21,1,0,0,
+		0,23,24,1,0,0,0,24,25,1,0,0,0,25,26,5,2,0,0,26,28,3,8,4,0,27,29,3,12,6,
+		0,28,27,1,0,0,0,28,29,1,0,0,0,29,30,1,0,0,0,30,31,5,0,0,1,31,1,1,0,0,0,
+		32,37,3,6,3,0,33,34,5,3,0,0,34,36,3,6,3,0,35,33,1,0,0,0,36,39,1,0,0,0,
+		37,35,1,0,0,0,37,38,1,0,0,0,38,3,1,0,0,0,39,37,1,0,0,0,40,42,5,7,0,0,41,
+		40,1,0,0,0,42,43,1,0,0,0,43,41,1,0,0,0,43,44,1,0,0,0,44,5,1,0,0,0,45,50,
+		3,18,9,0,46,47,5,4,0,0,47,49,3,18,9,0,48,46,1,0,0,0,49,52,1,0,0,0,50,48,
+		1,0,0,0,50,51,1,0,0,0,51,7,1,0,0,0,52,50,1,0,0,0,53,58,3,10,5,0,54,55,
+		5,2,0,0,55,57,3,10,5,0,56,54,1,0,0,0,57,60,1,0,0,0,58,56,1,0,0,0,58,59,
+		1,0,0,0,59,9,1,0,0,0,60,58,1,0,0,0,61,63,3,18,9,0,62,64,3,16,8,0,63,62,
+		1,0,0,0,63,64,1,0,0,0,64,66,1,0,0,0,65,61,1,0,0,0,66,67,1,0,0,0,67,65,
+		1,0,0,0,67,68,1,0,0,0,68,11,1,0,0,0,69,70,5,1,0,0,70,77,3,14,7,0,71,72,
+		5,5,0,0,72,73,3,18,9,0,73,74,5,1,0,0,74,75,3,18,9,0,75,77,1,0,0,0,76,69,
+		1,0,0,0,76,71,1,0,0,0,77,13,1,0,0,0,78,84,3,18,9,0,79,80,3,16,8,0,80,81,
+		3,18,9,0,81,83,1,0,0,0,82,79,1,0,0,0,83,86,1,0,0,0,84,82,1,0,0,0,84,85,
+		1,0,0,0,85,15,1,0,0,0,86,84,1,0,0,0,87,88,7,0,0,0,88,17,1,0,0,0,89,91,
+		7,1,0,0,90,89,1,0,0,0,91,92,1,0,0,0,92,90,1,0,0,0,92,93,1,0,0,0,93,19,
+		1,0,0,0,11,23,28,37,43,50,58,63,67,76,84,92
 	]

 	public
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 grammar Reference;

 root: host (':' port)? '/' namespace reference? EOF;
-host: name ('.' name)*;
+host: host_component ('.' host_component)*;
 port: DIGIT+;
+host_component: name ('-' name)*;
 namespace: namespace_component ('/' namespace_component)*;
 namespace_component: (name separator?)+;
 reference: (':' tag) | ('@' name ':' name);
@@ -1,28 +1,42 @@
 import Foundation
-import NIOCore
-import NIOHTTP1
-import AsyncHTTPClient
 import Algorithms
-import NIOPosix
+import AsyncAlgorithms

 enum RegistryError: Error {
-  case UnexpectedHTTPStatusCode(when: String, code: UInt, details: String = "")
+  case UnexpectedHTTPStatusCode(when: String, code: Int, details: String = "")
  case MissingLocationHeader
  case AuthFailed(why: String, details: String = "")
  case MalformedHeader(why: String)
 }

-extension HTTPClientResponse.Body {
-  func readTextResponse() async throws -> String? {
-    let data = try await readResponse()
-    return String(decoding: data, as: UTF8.self)
-  }
+enum HTTPMethod: String {
+  case GET = "GET"
+  case POST = "POST"
+  case PUT = "PUT"
+  case PATCH = "PATCH"
+}

-  func readResponse() async throws -> Data {
+enum HTTPCode: Int {
+  case Ok = 200
+  case Created = 201
+  case Accepted = 202
+  case Unauthorized = 401
+}
+
+extension Data {
+  func asText() -> String {
+    String(decoding: self, as: UTF8.self)
+  }
+}
+
+extension AsyncThrowingChannel<Data, Error> {
+  func asData() async throws -> Data {
    var result = Data()
-    for try await part in self {
-      result.append(Data(buffer: part))
+
+    for try await chunk in self {
+      result += chunk
    }
+
    return result
  }
 }
@@ -31,7 +45,8 @@ struct TokenResponse: Decodable, Authentication {
  let defaultIssuedAt = Date()
  let defaultExpiresIn = 60

-  var token: String
+  var token: String?
+  var accessToken: String?
  var expiresIn: Int?
  var issuedAt: Date?

@@ -51,7 +66,13 @@ struct TokenResponse: Decodable, Authentication {
      return dateFormatter.date(from: dateString) ?? Date()
    }

-    return try decoder.decode(TokenResponse.self, from: fromData)
+    let response = try decoder.decode(TokenResponse.self, from: fromData)
+
+    guard response.token != nil || response.accessToken != nil else {
+      throw DecodingError.keyNotFound(CodingKeys.token, .init(codingPath: [], debugDescription: "Missing token or access_token. One must be present."))
+    }
+
+    return response
  }

  var tokenExpiresAt: Date {
@@ -69,7 +90,7 @@ struct TokenResponse: Decodable, Authentication {
  }

  func header() -> (String, String) {
-    ("Authorization", "Bearer \(token)")
+    return ("Authorization", "Bearer \(token ?? accessToken ?? "")")
  }

  func isValid() -> Bool {
@@ -78,23 +99,25 @@ struct TokenResponse: Decodable, Authentication {
 }

 class Registry {
-  private let httpClient = HTTPClient(
-    eventLoopGroupProvider: .shared(MultiThreadedEventLoopGroup(numberOfThreads: 1))
-  )
-
-  deinit {
-    try! httpClient.syncShutdown()
-  }
-
-  let baseURL: URL
+  private let baseURL: URL
  let namespace: String
  let credentialsProviders: [CredentialsProvider]

  var currentAuthToken: Authentication? = nil

+  var host: String? {
+    guard let host = baseURL.host else { return nil }
+
+    if let port = baseURL.port {
+      return "\(host):\(port)"
+    }
+
+    return host
+  }
+
  init(urlComponents: URLComponents,
       namespace: String,
-       credentialsProviders: [CredentialsProvider] = [DockerConfigCredentialsProvider(), KeychainCredentialsProvider()]
+       credentialsProviders: [CredentialsProvider] = [EnvironmentCredentialsProvider(), DockerConfigCredentialsProvider(), KeychainCredentialsProvider()]
  ) throws {
    baseURL = urlComponents.url!
    self.namespace = namespace
@@ -105,7 +128,7 @@ class Registry {
    host: String,
    namespace: String,
    insecure: Bool = false,
-    credentialsProviders: [CredentialsProvider] = [DockerConfigCredentialsProvider(), KeychainCredentialsProvider()]
+    credentialsProviders: [CredentialsProvider] = [EnvironmentCredentialsProvider(), DockerConfigCredentialsProvider(), KeychainCredentialsProvider()]
  ) throws {
    let proto = insecure ? "http" : "https"
    let baseURLComponents = URLComponents(string: proto + "://" + host + "/v2/")!
@@ -114,43 +137,41 @@ class Registry {
  }

  func ping() async throws {
-    let response = try await endpointRequest(.GET, "/v2/")
-    if response.status != .ok {
-      throw RegistryError.UnexpectedHTTPStatusCode(when: "doing ping", code: response.status.code)
+    let (_, response) = try await dataRequest(.GET, endpointURL("/v2/"))
+    if response.statusCode != HTTPCode.Ok.rawValue {
+      throw RegistryError.UnexpectedHTTPStatusCode(when: "doing ping", code: response.statusCode)
    }
  }

  func pushManifest(reference: String, manifest: OCIManifest) async throws -> String {
    let manifestJSON = try manifest.toJSON()

-    let response = try await endpointRequest(.PUT, "\(namespace)/manifests/\(reference)",
-      headers: ["Content-Type": manifest.mediaType],
-      body: manifestJSON)
-    if response.status != .created {
-      throw RegistryError.UnexpectedHTTPStatusCode(when: "pushing manifest", code: response.status.code,
-        details: try await response.body.readTextResponse() ?? "")
+    let (data, response) = try await dataRequest(.PUT, endpointURL("\(namespace)/manifests/\(reference)"),
+                                                 headers: ["Content-Type": manifest.mediaType],
+                                                 body: manifestJSON)
+    if response.statusCode != HTTPCode.Created.rawValue {
+      throw RegistryError.UnexpectedHTTPStatusCode(when: "pushing manifest", code: response.statusCode,
+                                                   details: data.asText())
    }

    return Digest.hash(manifestJSON)
  }

  public func pullManifest(reference: String) async throws -> (OCIManifest, Data) {
-    let response = try await endpointRequest(.GET, "\(namespace)/manifests/\(reference)",
-      headers: ["Accept": ociManifestMediaType])
-    if response.status != .ok {
-      let body = try await response.body.readTextResponse()
-      throw RegistryError.UnexpectedHTTPStatusCode(when: "pulling manifest", code: response.status.code,
-        details: body ?? "")
+    let (data, response) = try await dataRequest(.GET, endpointURL("\(namespace)/manifests/\(reference)"),
+                                                 headers: ["Accept": ociManifestMediaType])
+    if response.statusCode != HTTPCode.Ok.rawValue {
+      throw RegistryError.UnexpectedHTTPStatusCode(when: "pulling manifest", code: response.statusCode,
+                                                   details: data.asText())
    }

-    let manifestData = try await response.body.readResponse()
-    let manifest = try OCIManifest(fromJSON: manifestData)
+    let manifest = try OCIManifest(fromJSON: data)

-    return (manifest, manifestData)
+    return (manifest, data)
  }

-  private func uploadLocationFromResponse(_ response: HTTPClientResponse) throws -> URLComponents {
-    guard let uploadLocationRaw = response.headers.first(name: "Location") else {
+  private func uploadLocationFromResponse(_ response: HTTPURLResponse) throws -> URLComponents {
+    guard let uploadLocationRaw = response.value(forHTTPHeaderField: "Location") else {
      throw RegistryError.MissingLocationHeader
    }

@@ -163,22 +184,21 @@ class Registry {

  public func pushBlob(fromData: Data, chunkSizeMb: Int = 0) async throws -> String {
    // Initiate a blob upload
-    let postResponse = try await endpointRequest(.POST, "\(namespace)/blobs/uploads/",
-      headers: ["Content-Length": "0"])
-    if postResponse.status != .accepted {
-      let body = try await postResponse.body.readTextResponse()
-      throw RegistryError.UnexpectedHTTPStatusCode(when: "pushing blob (POST)", code: postResponse.status.code,
-        details: body ?? "")
+    let (data, postResponse) = try await dataRequest(.POST, endpointURL("\(namespace)/blobs/uploads/"),
+                                                     headers: ["Content-Length": "0"])
+    if postResponse.statusCode != HTTPCode.Accepted.rawValue {
+      throw RegistryError.UnexpectedHTTPStatusCode(when: "pushing blob (POST)", code: postResponse.statusCode,
+                                                   details: data.asText())
    }

    // Figure out where to upload the blob
    var uploadLocation = try uploadLocationFromResponse(postResponse)

    let digest = Digest.hash(fromData)
-    
+
    if chunkSizeMb == 0 {
      // monolithic upload
-      let response = try await rawRequest(
+      let (data, response) = try await dataRequest(
        .PUT,
        uploadLocation,
        headers: [
@@ -187,10 +207,9 @@ class Registry {
        parameters: ["digest": digest],
        body: fromData
      )
-      if response.status != .created {
-        let body = try await response.body.readTextResponse()
+      if response.statusCode != HTTPCode.Created.rawValue {
        throw RegistryError.UnexpectedHTTPStatusCode(when: "pushing blob (PUT) to \(uploadLocation)",
-          code: response.status.code, details: body ?? "")
+                                                     code: response.statusCode, details: data.asText())
      }
      return digest
    }
@@ -200,7 +219,7 @@ class Registry {
    let chunks = fromData.chunks(ofCount: chunkSizeMb == 0 ? fromData.count : chunkSizeMb * 1_000_000)
    for (index, chunk) in chunks.enumerated() {
      let lastChunk = index == (chunks.count - 1)
-      let response = try await rawRequest(
+      let (data, response) = try await dataRequest(
        lastChunk ? .PUT : .PATCH, 
        uploadLocation,
        headers: [
@@ -210,56 +229,63 @@ class Registry {
        parameters: lastChunk ? ["digest": digest] : [:],
        body: chunk
      )
-      let expectedStatus: HTTPResponseStatus = lastChunk ? .created : .accepted
-      if response.status != expectedStatus {
-        let body = try await response.body.readTextResponse()
+      // always accept both statuses since AWS ECR is not following specification
+      if response.statusCode != HTTPCode.Created.rawValue && response.statusCode != HTTPCode.Accepted.rawValue {
        throw RegistryError.UnexpectedHTTPStatusCode(when: "streaming blob to \(uploadLocation)",
-          code: response.status.code, details: body ?? "")
+                                                     code: response.statusCode, details: data.asText())
      }
      uploadedBytes += chunk.count
      // Update location for the next chunk
      uploadLocation = try uploadLocationFromResponse(response)
    }
-    
+
    return digest
  }

-  public func pullBlob(_ digest: String, handler: (ByteBuffer) throws -> Void) async throws {
-    let response = try await endpointRequest(.GET, "\(namespace)/blobs/\(digest)")
-    if response.status != .ok {
-      let body = try await response.body.readTextResponse()
-      throw RegistryError.UnexpectedHTTPStatusCode(when: "pulling blob", code: response.status.code,
-        details: body ?? "")
+  public func pullBlob(_ digest: String, handler: (Data) throws -> Void) async throws {
+    let (channel, response) = try await channelRequest(.GET, endpointURL("\(namespace)/blobs/\(digest)"), viaFile: true)
+    if response.statusCode != HTTPCode.Ok.rawValue {
+      let body = try await channel.asData().asText()
+      throw RegistryError.UnexpectedHTTPStatusCode(when: "pulling blob", code: response.statusCode,
+                                                   details: body)
    }

-    for try await part in response.body {
+    for try await part in channel {
      try Task.checkCancellation()

-      try handler(part)
+      try handler(Data(part))
    }
  }

-  private func endpointRequest(
-    _ method: HTTPMethod,
-    _ endpoint: String,
-    headers: Dictionary<String, String> = Dictionary(),
-    parameters: Dictionary<String, String> = Dictionary(),
-    body: Data? = nil
-  ) async throws -> HTTPClientResponse {
+  private func endpointURL(_ endpoint: String) -> URLComponents {
    let url = URL(string: endpoint, relativeTo: baseURL)!
-    let urlComponents = URLComponents(url: url, resolvingAgainstBaseURL: true)!

-    return try await rawRequest(method, urlComponents, headers: headers, parameters: parameters, body: body)
+    return URLComponents(url: url, resolvingAgainstBaseURL: true)!
  }

-  private func rawRequest(
+  private func dataRequest(
    _ method: HTTPMethod,
    _ urlComponents: URLComponents,
    headers: Dictionary<String, String> = Dictionary(),
    parameters: Dictionary<String, String> = Dictionary(),
    body: Data? = nil,
    doAuth: Bool = true
-  ) async throws -> HTTPClientResponse {
+  ) async throws -> (Data, HTTPURLResponse) {
+    let (channel, response) = try await channelRequest(method, urlComponents,
+                                                       headers: headers, parameters: parameters, body: body, doAuth: doAuth)
+
+    return (try await channel.asData(), response)
+  }
+
+  private func channelRequest(
+    _ method: HTTPMethod,
+    _ urlComponents: URLComponents,
+    headers: Dictionary<String, String> = Dictionary(),
+    parameters: Dictionary<String, String> = Dictionary(),
+    body: Data? = nil,
+    doAuth: Bool = true,
+    viaFile: Bool = false
+  ) async throws -> (AsyncThrowingChannel<Data, Error>, HTTPURLResponse) {
    var urlComponents = urlComponents

    if urlComponents.queryItems == nil && !parameters.isEmpty {
@@ -269,14 +295,14 @@ class Registry {
      URLQueryItem(name: key, value: value)
    })

-    var request = HTTPClientRequest(url: urlComponents.string!)
-    request.method = method
+    var request = URLRequest(url: urlComponents.url!)
+    request.httpMethod = method.rawValue
    for (key, value) in headers {
-      request.headers.add(name: key, value: value)
+      request.addValue(value, forHTTPHeaderField: key)
    }
-    if body != nil {
-      request.headers.add(name: "Content-Length", value: "\(body!.count)")
-      request.body = HTTPClientRequest.Body.bytes(body!)
+    if let body = body {
+      request.addValue("\(body.count)", forHTTPHeaderField: "Content-Length")
+      request.httpBody = body
    }

    // Invalidate token if it has expired
@@ -284,33 +310,34 @@ class Registry {
      currentAuthToken = nil
    }

-    var response = try await authAwareRequest(request: request)
+    var (channel, response) = try await authAwareRequest(request: request, viaFile: viaFile)

-    if doAuth && response.status == .unauthorized {
+    if doAuth && response.statusCode == HTTPCode.Unauthorized.rawValue {
+      _ = try await channel.asData()
      try await auth(response: response)
-      response = try await authAwareRequest(request: request)
+      (channel, response) = try await authAwareRequest(request: request, viaFile: viaFile)
    }

-    return response
+    return (channel, response)
  }

-  private func auth(response: HTTPClientResponse) async throws {
+  private func auth(response: HTTPURLResponse) async throws {
    // Process WWW-Authenticate header
-    guard let wwwAuthenticateRaw = response.headers.first(name: "WWW-Authenticate") else {
+    guard let wwwAuthenticateRaw = response.value(forHTTPHeaderField: "WWW-Authenticate") else {
      throw RegistryError.AuthFailed(why: "got HTTP 401, but WWW-Authenticate header is missing")
    }

    let wwwAuthenticate = try WWWAuthenticate(rawHeaderValue: wwwAuthenticateRaw)

-    if wwwAuthenticate.scheme == "Basic" {
-      if let (user, password) = try lookupCredentials(host: baseURL.host!) {
+    if wwwAuthenticate.scheme.lowercased() == "basic" {
+      if let (user, password) = try lookupCredentials() {
        currentAuthToken = BasicAuthentication(user: user, password: password)
      }

      return
    }

-    if wwwAuthenticate.scheme != "Bearer" {
+    if wwwAuthenticate.scheme.lowercased() != "bearer" {
      throw RegistryError.AuthFailed(why: "WWW-Authenticate header's authentication scheme "
        + "\"\(wwwAuthenticate.scheme)\" is unsupported, expected \"Bearer\" scheme")
    }
@@ -340,23 +367,27 @@ class Registry {

    var headers: Dictionary<String, String> = Dictionary()

-    if let (user, password) = try lookupCredentials(host: baseURL.host!) {
+    if let (user, password) = try lookupCredentials() {
      let encodedCredentials = "\(user):\(password)".data(using: .utf8)?.base64EncodedString()
      headers["Authorization"] = "Basic \(encodedCredentials!)"
    }

-    let response = try await rawRequest(.GET, authenticateURL, headers: headers, doAuth: false)
-    if response.status != .ok {
-      let body = try await response.body.readTextResponse() ?? ""
-      throw RegistryError.AuthFailed(why: "received unexpected HTTP status code \(response.status.code) "
-        + "while retrieving an authentication token", details: body)
+    let (data, response) = try await dataRequest(.GET, authenticateURL, headers: headers, doAuth: false)
+    if response.statusCode != HTTPCode.Ok.rawValue {
+      throw RegistryError.AuthFailed(why: "received unexpected HTTP status code \(response.statusCode) "
+        + "while retrieving an authentication token", details: data.asText())
    }

-    let bodyData = try await response.body.readResponse()
-    currentAuthToken = try TokenResponse.parse(fromData: bodyData)
+    currentAuthToken = try TokenResponse.parse(fromData: data)
  }

-  private func lookupCredentials(host: String) throws -> (String, String)? {
+  private func lookupCredentials() throws -> (String, String)? {
+    var host = baseURL.host!
+
+    if let port = baseURL.port {
+      host += ":\(port)"
+    }
+
    for provider in credentialsProviders {
      if let (user, password) = try provider.retrieve(host: host) {
        return (user, password)
@@ -365,14 +396,17 @@ class Registry {
    return nil
  }

-  private func authAwareRequest(request: HTTPClientRequest) async throws -> HTTPClientResponse {
+  private func authAwareRequest(request: URLRequest, viaFile: Bool = false) async throws -> (AsyncThrowingChannel<Data, Error>, HTTPURLResponse) {
    var request = request

    if let token = currentAuthToken {
      let (name, value) = token.header()
-      request.headers.add(name: name, value: value)
+      request.addValue(value, forHTTPHeaderField: name)
    }

-    return try await httpClient.execute(request, deadline: .distantFuture)
+    request.setValue("Tart/\(CI.version) (\(DeviceInfo.os); \(DeviceInfo.model))",
+                     forHTTPHeaderField: "User-Agent")
+
+    return try await Fetcher.fetch(request, viaFile: viaFile)
  }
 }
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ struct RemoteName: Comparable, Hashable, CustomStringConvertible {
    try ParseTreeWalker().walk(referenceCollector, try parser.root())

    if let error = errorCollector.error {
-      throw RuntimeError("failed to parse remote name: \(error)")
+      throw RuntimeError.FailedToParseRemoteName("\(error)")
    }

    host = referenceCollector.host!
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ struct RemoteName: Comparable, Hashable, CustomStringConvertible {
      } else if reference.starts(with: ":") {
        self.reference = Reference(tag: String(reference.dropFirst(1)))
      } else {
-        throw RuntimeError("failed to parse remote name: unknown reference format")
+        throw RuntimeError.FailedToParseRemoteName("unknown reference format")
      }
    } else {
      self.reference = Reference(tag: "latest")
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+import Foundation
+import System
+
+class PIDLock {
+  let url: URL
+  let fd: Int32
+
+  init(lockURL: URL) throws {
+    url = lockURL
+    fd = open(lockURL.path, O_RDWR)
+    if fd == -1 {
+      let details = Errno(rawValue: CInt(errno))
+
+      throw RuntimeError.PIDLockFailed("failed to open lock file \(url): \(details)")
+    }
+  }
+
+  deinit {
+    close(fd)
+  }
+
+  func trylock() throws -> Bool {
+    let (locked, _) = try lockWrapper(F_SETLK, F_WRLCK, "failed to lock \(url)")
+    return locked
+  }
+
+  func lock() throws {
+    _ = try lockWrapper(F_SETLKW, F_WRLCK, "failed to lock \(url)")
+  }
+
+  func unlock() throws {
+    _ = try lockWrapper(F_SETLK, F_UNLCK, "failed to unlock \(url)")
+  }
+
+  func pid() throws -> pid_t {
+    let (_, result) = try lockWrapper(F_GETLK, F_RDLCK, "failed to get lock \(url) status")
+
+    return result.l_pid
+  }
+
+  func lockWrapper(_ operation: Int32, _ type: Int32, _ message: String) throws -> (Bool, flock) {
+    var result = flock(l_start: 0, l_len: 0, l_pid: 0, l_type: Int16(type), l_whence: Int16(SEEK_SET))
+
+    let ret = fcntl(fd, operation, &result)
+    if ret != 0 {
+      if operation == F_SETLK && errno == EAGAIN {
+        return (false, result)
+      }
+
+      let details = Errno(rawValue: CInt(errno))
+
+      throw RuntimeError.PIDLockFailed("\(message): \(details)")
+    }
+
+    return (true, result)
+  }
+}
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 import Foundation

 struct PassphraseGenerator: Sequence {
-    func makeIterator() -> PassphraseIterator {
-        PassphraseIterator()
-    }
+  func makeIterator() -> PassphraseIterator {
+    PassphraseIterator()
+  }
 }

 struct PassphraseIterator: IteratorProtocol {
-    mutating func next() -> String? {
-        passphrases[Int(arc4random_uniform(UInt32(passphrases.count)))]
-    }
+  mutating func next() -> String? {
+    passphrases[Int(arc4random_uniform(UInt32(passphrases.count)))]
+  }
 }
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ let passphrases = [
  "act",
  "action",
  "actor",
-  "    actress",
+  "actress",
  "actual",
  "adapt",
  "add",
@@ -829,7 +829,7 @@ let passphrases = [
  "grow",
  "grunt",
  "guard",
-  "    guess",
+  "guess",
  "guide",
  "guilt",
  "guitar",
@@ -1476,7 +1476,7 @@ let passphrases = [
  "retire",
  "retreat",
  "return",
-  "    reunion",
+  "reunion",
  "reveal",
  "review",
  "reward",
@@ -1764,7 +1764,7 @@ let passphrases = [
  "swim",
  "swing",
  "switch",
-  "    sword",
+  "sword",
  "symbol",
  "symptom",
  "syrup",
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 import Foundation

 enum Architecture: String, Codable {
-    case arm64
-    case amd64
+  case arm64
+  case amd64
 }

 func CurrentArchitecture() -> Architecture {
-    #if arch(arm64)
-        return .arm64
-    #elseif arch(x86_64)
-        return .amd64
-    #endif
+  #if arch(arm64)
+    return .arm64
+  #elseif arch(x86_64)
+    return .amd64
+  #endif
 }
@@ -1,97 +1,126 @@
 import Virtualization

-struct Darwin: Platform {
-    var ecid: VZMacMachineIdentifier
-    var hardwareModel: VZMacHardwareModel
+struct UnsupportedHostOSError: Error, CustomStringConvertible {
+  var description: String {
+    "error: host macOS version is outdated to run this virtual machine"
+  }
+}
+
+struct Darwin: PlatformSuspendable {
+  var ecid: VZMacMachineIdentifier
+  var hardwareModel: VZMacHardwareModel
+
+  init(ecid: VZMacMachineIdentifier, hardwareModel: VZMacHardwareModel) {
+    self.ecid = ecid
+    self.hardwareModel = hardwareModel
+  }
+
+  init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
+    let container = try decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
+
+    let encodedECID = try container.decode(String.self, forKey: .ecid)
+    guard let data = Data.init(base64Encoded: encodedECID) else {
+      throw DecodingError.dataCorruptedError(forKey: .ecid,
+                                             in: container,
+                                             debugDescription: "failed to initialize Data using the provided value")
+    }
+    guard let ecid = VZMacMachineIdentifier.init(dataRepresentation: data) else {
+      throw DecodingError.dataCorruptedError(forKey: .ecid,
+                                             in: container,
+                                             debugDescription: "failed to initialize VZMacMachineIdentifier using the provided value")
+    }
+    self.ecid = ecid

-    init(ecid: VZMacMachineIdentifier, hardwareModel: VZMacHardwareModel) {
-        self.ecid = ecid
-        self.hardwareModel = hardwareModel
+    let encodedHardwareModel = try container.decode(String.self, forKey: .hardwareModel)
+    guard let data = Data.init(base64Encoded: encodedHardwareModel) else {
+      throw DecodingError.dataCorruptedError(forKey: .hardwareModel, in: container, debugDescription: "")
+    }
+    guard let hardwareModel = VZMacHardwareModel.init(dataRepresentation: data) else {
+      throw DecodingError.dataCorruptedError(forKey: .hardwareModel, in: container, debugDescription: "")
    }
+    self.hardwareModel = hardwareModel
+  }
+
+  func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws {
+    var container = encoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
+
+    try container.encode(ecid.dataRepresentation.base64EncodedString(), forKey: .ecid)
+    try container.encode(hardwareModel.dataRepresentation.base64EncodedString(), forKey: .hardwareModel)
+  }
+
+  func os() -> OS {
+    .darwin
+  }

-    init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
-        let container = try decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
-
-        let encodedECID = try container.decode(String.self, forKey: .ecid)
-        guard let data = Data.init(base64Encoded: encodedECID) else {
-            throw DecodingError.dataCorruptedError(forKey: .ecid,
-                    in: container,
-                    debugDescription: "failed to initialize Data using the provided value")
-        }
-        guard let ecid = VZMacMachineIdentifier.init(dataRepresentation: data) else {
-            throw DecodingError.dataCorruptedError(forKey: .ecid,
-                    in: container,
-                    debugDescription: "failed to initialize VZMacMachineIdentifier using the provided value")
-        }
-        self.ecid = ecid
-
-        let encodedHardwareModel = try container.decode(String.self, forKey: .hardwareModel)
-        guard let data = Data.init(base64Encoded: encodedHardwareModel) else {
-            throw DecodingError.dataCorruptedError(forKey: .hardwareModel, in: container, debugDescription: "")
-        }
-        guard let hardwareModel = VZMacHardwareModel.init(dataRepresentation: data) else {
-            throw DecodingError.dataCorruptedError(forKey: .hardwareModel, in: container, debugDescription: "")
-        }
-        self.hardwareModel = hardwareModel
-    }
+  func bootLoader(nvramURL: URL) throws -> VZBootLoader {
+    VZMacOSBootLoader()
+  }
+
+  func platform(nvramURL: URL) throws -> VZPlatformConfiguration {
+    let result = VZMacPlatformConfiguration()

-    func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws {
-        var container = encoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
+    result.machineIdentifier = ecid
+    result.auxiliaryStorage = VZMacAuxiliaryStorage(contentsOf: nvramURL)

-        try container.encode(ecid.dataRepresentation.base64EncodedString(), forKey: .ecid)
-        try container.encode(hardwareModel.dataRepresentation.base64EncodedString(), forKey: .hardwareModel)
+    if !hardwareModel.isSupported {
+      // At the moment support of M1 chip is not yet dropped in any macOS version
+      // This mean that host software is not supporting this hardware model and should be updated
+      throw UnsupportedHostOSError()
    }

-    func os() -> OS {
-        .darwin
-    }
+    result.hardwareModel = hardwareModel

-    func bootLoader(nvramURL: URL) throws -> VZBootLoader {
-        VZMacOSBootLoader()
-    }
+    return result
+  }

-    func platform(nvramURL: URL) -> VZPlatformConfiguration {
-        let result = VZMacPlatformConfiguration()
+  func graphicsDevice(vmConfig: VMConfig) -> VZGraphicsDeviceConfiguration {
+    let result = VZMacGraphicsDeviceConfiguration()

-        result.machineIdentifier = ecid
-        result.auxiliaryStorage = VZMacAuxiliaryStorage(contentsOf: nvramURL)
-        result.hardwareModel = hardwareModel
+    if let hostMainScreen = NSScreen.main {
+      let vmScreenSize = NSSize(width: vmConfig.display.width, height: vmConfig.display.height)
+      result.displays = [
+        VZMacGraphicsDisplayConfiguration(for: hostMainScreen, sizeInPoints: vmScreenSize)
+      ]

-        return result
+      return result
    }

-    func graphicsDevice(vmConfig: VMConfig) -> VZGraphicsDeviceConfiguration {
-        let result = VZMacGraphicsDeviceConfiguration()
-
-        if let hostMainScreen = NSScreen.main {
-            let vmScreenSize = NSSize(width: vmConfig.display.width, height: vmConfig.display.height)
-            result.displays = [
-                VZMacGraphicsDisplayConfiguration(for: hostMainScreen, sizeInPoints: vmScreenSize)
-            ]
-
-            return result
-        }
-
-        result.displays = [
-            VZMacGraphicsDisplayConfiguration(
-                    widthInPixels: vmConfig.display.width,
-                    heightInPixels: vmConfig.display.height,
-                    // A reasonable guess according to Apple's documentation[1]
-                    // [1]: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/coregraphics/1456599-cgdisplayscreensize
-                    pixelsPerInch: 72
-            )
-        ]
-
-        return result
+    result.displays = [
+      VZMacGraphicsDisplayConfiguration(
+        widthInPixels: vmConfig.display.width,
+        heightInPixels: vmConfig.display.height,
+        // A reasonable guess according to Apple's documentation[1]
+        // [1]: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/coregraphics/1456599-cgdisplayscreensize
+        pixelsPerInch: 72
+      )
+    ]
+
+    return result
+  }
+
+  func keyboards() -> [VZKeyboardConfiguration] {
+    if #available(macOS 14, *) {
+      // Mac keyboard is only supported by guests starting with macOS Ventura
+      return [VZMacKeyboardConfiguration(), VZUSBKeyboardConfiguration()]
+    } else {
+      return [VZUSBKeyboardConfiguration()]
    }
+  }

-    func pointingDevices() -> [VZPointingDeviceConfiguration] {
-        if #available(macOS 13, *) {
-            // Trackpad is only supported starting with macOS Ventura
-            // macOS Monterey will continue using a USB device == .darwin 
-            return [VZMacTrackpadConfiguration(), VZUSBScreenCoordinatePointingDeviceConfiguration()]
-        } else {
-            return [VZUSBScreenCoordinatePointingDeviceConfiguration()]
-        }
+  func keyboardsSuspendable() -> [VZKeyboardConfiguration] {
+    if #available(macOS 14, *) {
+      return [VZMacKeyboardConfiguration()]
+    } else {
+      return []
    }
+  }
+
+  func pointingDevices() -> [VZPointingDeviceConfiguration] {
+    // Trackpad is only supported by guests starting with macOS Ventura
+    [VZMacTrackpadConfiguration(), VZUSBScreenCoordinatePointingDeviceConfiguration()]
+  }
+
+  func pointingDevicesSuspendable() -> [VZPointingDeviceConfiguration] {
+    [VZMacTrackpadConfiguration()]
+  }
 }
@@ -2,36 +2,40 @@ import Virtualization

@available(macOS 13, *)
 struct Linux: Platform {
-    func os() -> OS {
-        .linux
-    }
+  func os() -> OS {
+    .linux
+  }

-    func bootLoader(nvramURL: URL) throws -> VZBootLoader {
-        let result = VZEFIBootLoader()
+  func bootLoader(nvramURL: URL) throws -> VZBootLoader {
+    let result = VZEFIBootLoader()

-        result.variableStore = VZEFIVariableStore(url: nvramURL)
+    result.variableStore = VZEFIVariableStore(url: nvramURL)

-        return result
-    }
+    return result
+  }

-    func platform(nvramURL: URL) -> VZPlatformConfiguration {
-        VZGenericPlatformConfiguration()
-    }
+  func platform(nvramURL: URL) throws -> VZPlatformConfiguration {
+    VZGenericPlatformConfiguration()
+  }

-    func graphicsDevice(vmConfig: VMConfig) -> VZGraphicsDeviceConfiguration {
-        let result = VZVirtioGraphicsDeviceConfiguration()
+  func graphicsDevice(vmConfig: VMConfig) -> VZGraphicsDeviceConfiguration {
+    let result = VZVirtioGraphicsDeviceConfiguration()

-        result.scanouts = [
-            VZVirtioGraphicsScanoutConfiguration(
-                    widthInPixels: vmConfig.display.width,
-                    heightInPixels: vmConfig.display.height
-            )
-        ]
+    result.scanouts = [
+      VZVirtioGraphicsScanoutConfiguration(
+        widthInPixels: vmConfig.display.width,
+        heightInPixels: vmConfig.display.height
+      )
+    ]

-        return result
-    }
+    return result
+  }

-    func pointingDevices() -> [VZPointingDeviceConfiguration] {
-        [VZUSBScreenCoordinatePointingDeviceConfiguration()]
-    }
+  func keyboards() -> [VZKeyboardConfiguration] {
+    [VZUSBKeyboardConfiguration()]
+  }
+
+  func pointingDevices() -> [VZPointingDeviceConfiguration] {
+    [VZUSBScreenCoordinatePointingDeviceConfiguration()]
+  }
 }
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import Virtualization

 enum OS: String, Codable {
-    case darwin
-    case linux
+  case darwin
+  case linux
 }
@@ -1,9 +1,15 @@
 import Virtualization

 protocol Platform: Codable {
-    func os() -> OS
-    func bootLoader(nvramURL: URL) throws -> VZBootLoader
-    func platform(nvramURL: URL) -> VZPlatformConfiguration
-    func graphicsDevice(vmConfig: VMConfig) -> VZGraphicsDeviceConfiguration
-    func pointingDevices() -> [VZPointingDeviceConfiguration]
+  func os() -> OS
+  func bootLoader(nvramURL: URL) throws -> VZBootLoader
+  func platform(nvramURL: URL) throws -> VZPlatformConfiguration
+  func graphicsDevice(vmConfig: VMConfig) -> VZGraphicsDeviceConfiguration
+  func keyboards() -> [VZKeyboardConfiguration]
+  func pointingDevices() -> [VZPointingDeviceConfiguration]
+}
+
+protocol PlatformSuspendable: Platform {
+  func pointingDevicesSuspendable() -> [VZPointingDeviceConfiguration]
+  func keyboardsSuspendable() -> [VZKeyboardConfiguration]
 }
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ protocol PrunableStorage {
 }

 protocol Prunable {
+  var url: URL { get }
  func delete() throws
  func accessDate() throws -> Date
  func sizeBytes() throws -> Int
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 import ArgumentParser
+import Darwin
 import Foundation
+import Sentry

@main
 struct Root: AsyncParsableCommand {
@@ -11,16 +13,56 @@ struct Root: AsyncParsableCommand {
      Clone.self,
      Run.self,
      Set.self,
+      Get.self,
      List.self,
      Login.self,
+      Logout.self,
      IP.self,
      Pull.self,
      Push.self,
+      Import.self,
+      Export.self,
      Prune.self,
+      Rename.self,
+      Stop.self,
      Delete.self,
    ])

  public static func main() async throws {
+    // Initialize Sentry
+    if let dsn = ProcessInfo.processInfo.environment["SENTRY_DSN"] {
+      SentrySDK.start { options in
+        options.dsn = dsn
+        options.releaseName = CI.release
+        options.tracesSampleRate = Float(
+          ProcessInfo.processInfo.environment["SENTRY_TRACES_SAMPLE_RATE"] ?? "1.0"
+        ) as NSNumber?
+
+        // By default only 5XX are captured
+        // Let's capture everything but 401 (unauthorized)
+        options.enableCaptureFailedRequests = true
+        options.failedRequestStatusCodes = [
+          HttpStatusCodeRange(min: 400, max: 400),
+          HttpStatusCodeRange(min: 402, max: 599)
+        ]
+      }
+    }
+    defer { SentrySDK.flush(timeout: 2.seconds.timeInterval) }
+
+    // Enrich future events with Cirrus CI-specific tags
+    if let tags = ProcessInfo.processInfo.environment["CIRRUS_SENTRY_TAGS"] {
+      SentrySDK.configureScope { scope in
+        for (key, value) in tags.split(separator: ",").compactMap({ parseCirrusSentryTag($0) }) {
+          scope.setTag(value: value, key: key)
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Add commands that are only available on specific macOS versions
+    if #available(macOS 14, *) {
+      configuration.subcommands.append(Suspend.self)
+    }
+
    // Ensure the default SIGINT handled is disabled,
    // otherwise there's a race between two handlers
    signal(SIGINT, SIG_IGN);
@@ -32,17 +74,50 @@ struct Root: AsyncParsableCommand {
    }
    sigintSrc.activate()

+    // Set line-buffered output for stdout
+    setlinebuf(stdout)
+
    // Parse and run command
    do {
      var command = try parseAsRoot()

+      // Run garbage-collection before each command (shouldn't take too long)
+      if type(of: command) != type(of: Pull()) && type(of: command) != type(of: Clone()){
+        do {
+          try Config().gc()
+        } catch {
+          fputs("Failed to perform garbage collection!\n\(error)\n", stderr)
+        }
+      }
+
      if var asyncCommand = command as? AsyncParsableCommand {
        try await asyncCommand.run()
      } else {
        try command.run()
      }
    } catch {
+      // Capture the error into Sentry
+      SentrySDK.capture(error: error)
+      SentrySDK.flush(timeout: 2.seconds.timeInterval)
+
+      // Handle a non-ArgumentParser's exception that requires a specific exit code to be set
+      if let errorWithExitCode = error as? HasExitCode {
+        fputs("\(error)\n", stderr)
+
+        Foundation.exit(errorWithExitCode.exitCode)
+      }
+
+      // Handle any other exception, including ArgumentParser's ones
      exit(withError: error)
    }
  }
+
+  private static func parseCirrusSentryTag(_ tag: String.SubSequence) -> (String, String)? {
+    let splits = tag.split(separator: "=", maxSplits: 1)
+    if splits.count != 2 {
+      return nil
+    }
+
+    return (String(splits[0]), String(splits[1]))
+  }
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+import Foundation
+
+func createPTY() -> Int32 {
+  var tty_fd: Int32 = -1
+  var sfd: Int32 = -1
+  var termios_ = termios()
+  let tty_path = UnsafeMutablePointer<CChar>.allocate(capacity: 1024)
+
+  var res = openpty(&tty_fd, &sfd, tty_path, nil, nil);
+  if (res < 0) {
+    perror("openpty error")
+    return -1
+  }
+
+  // close slave file descriptor
+  close(sfd)
+
+  res = fcntl(tty_fd, F_GETFL)
+  if (res < 0) {
+    perror("fcntl F_GETFL error")
+    return res
+  }
+
+  // set serial nonblocking
+  res = fcntl(tty_fd, F_SETFL, res | O_NONBLOCK)
+  if (res < 0) {
+    perror("fcntl F_SETFL O_NONBLOCK error")
+    return res
+  }
+
+  // set baudrate to 115200
+  tcgetattr(tty_fd, &termios_)
+  cfsetispeed(&termios_, speed_t(B115200))
+  cfsetospeed(&termios_, speed_t(B115200))
+  if (tcsetattr(tty_fd, TCSANOW, &termios_) != 0) {
+    perror("tcsetattr error")
+    return -1
+  }
+
+  print("Successfully open pty \(String(cString: tty_path))")
+
+  tty_path.deallocate()
+  return tty_fd
+}
@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
-import Foundation
-
-enum SoftnetError: Error {
-  case InitializationFailed(why: String)
-}
-
-class Softnet {
-  private let process = Process()
-
-  let vmFD: Int32
-
-  init(vmMACAddress: String) throws {
-    let binaryName = "softnet"
-
-    guard let executableURL = resolveBinaryPath(binaryName) else {
-      throw SoftnetError.InitializationFailed(why: "\(binaryName) not found in PATH")
-    }
-
-    let fds = UnsafeMutablePointer<Int32>.allocate(capacity: MemoryLayout<Int>.stride * 2)
-
-    let ret = socketpair(AF_UNIX, SOCK_DGRAM, 0, fds)
-    if ret != 0 {
-      throw SoftnetError.InitializationFailed(why: "socketpair() failed with exit code \(ret)")
-    }
-
-    vmFD = fds[0]
-    let softnetFD = fds[1]
-
-    try setSocketBuffers(vmFD, 1 * 1024 * 1024);
-    try setSocketBuffers(softnetFD, 1 * 1024 * 1024);
-
-    process.executableURL = executableURL
-    process.arguments = ["--vm-fd", String(STDIN_FILENO), "--vm-mac-address", vmMACAddress]
-    process.standardInput = FileHandle(fileDescriptor: softnetFD, closeOnDealloc: false)
-  }
-
-  func run() throws {
-    try process.run()
-  }
-
-  func stop() throws {
-    process.interrupt()
-    process.waitUntilExit()
-  }
-
-  private func setSocketBuffers(_ fd: Int32, _ sizeBytes: Int) throws {
-    var option_value = sizeBytes
-    let option_len = socklen_t(MemoryLayout<Int>.size)
-
-    var ret = setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_RCVBUF, &option_value, option_len)
-    if ret != 0 {
-      throw SoftnetError.InitializationFailed(why: "setsockopt(SO_RCVBUF) returned \(ret)")
-    }
-
-    ret = setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_SNDBUF, &option_value, option_len)
-    if ret != 0 {
-      throw SoftnetError.InitializationFailed(why: "setsockopt(SO_SNDBUF) returned \(ret)")
-    }
-  }
-}
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ extension URL {
    let times = [accessDate.asTimeval(), modificationDate.asTimeval()]
    let ret = utimes(path, times)
    if ret != 0 {
-      throw RuntimeError("utimes(2) failed: \(ret.explanation())")
+      throw RuntimeError.FailedToUpdateAccessDate("utimes(2) failed: \(ret.explanation())")
    }
  }
 }
@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
 import Foundation

 extension URL: Prunable {
+  var url: URL {
+    self
+  }
+
  func delete() throws {
    try FileManager.default.removeItem(at: self)
  }
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ func resolveBinaryPath(_ name: String) -> URL? {

  for pathComponent in path.split(separator: ":") {
    let url = URL(fileURLWithPath: String(pathComponent))
-            .appendingPathComponent(name, isDirectory: false)
+      .appendingPathComponent(name, isDirectory: false)

    if FileManager.default.fileExists(atPath: url.path) {
      return url
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More