Completely disable audio devices in case of --no-audio (#904 )

This way VM won't have empty audio device at all. This should fix with an issue like that https://github.com/actions/runner-images/issues/9330
tart run: provide a hint with names of other running VMs (#900 )
2026-10-01 19:51:10 +02:00 · 2024-09-17 09:40:37 +00:00 · 2024-09-09 20:45:59 +04:00 · 2024-09-09 16:40:17 +04:00 · 2024-08-28 00:09:57 +04:00 · 2024-08-14 14:57:55 -04:00
127 changed files with 4096 additions and 1049 deletions
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ export VERSION="${CIRRUS_TAG:-0}"
 mkdir -p .ci/pkg/
 cp .build/arm64-apple-macosx/release/tart .ci/pkg/tart
 cp Resources/embedded.provisionprofile .ci/pkg/embedded.provisionprofile
+cp Resources/AppIcon.png .ci/pkg/AppIcon.png
+cp Resources/Info.plist .ci/pkg/Info.plist
 pkgbuild --root .ci/pkg/ --identifier com.github.cirruslabs.tart --version $VERSION \
  --scripts .ci/pkg/scripts \
  --install-location "/Library/Application Support/Tart" \
@@ -3,9 +3,11 @@
 set -e

 # fix structure
-mkdir -p "$2/tart.app/Contents/MacOS"
+mkdir -p "$2/tart.app/Contents/MacOS" "$2/tart.app/Resources"
 mv "$2/tart" "$2/tart.app/Contents/MacOS/tart"
 mv "$2/embedded.provisionprofile" "$2/tart.app/Contents/embedded.provisionprofile"
+mv "$2/AppIcon.png" "$2/tart.app/Resources/AppIcon.png"
+mv "$2/Info.plist" "$2/tart.app/Contents/Info.plist"

 echo "#!/bin/sh" > /usr/local/bin/tart
 echo "exec '$2/tart.app/Contents/MacOS/tart' \"\$@\"" >> /usr/local/bin/tart
@@ -1,8 +1,5 @@
 use_compute_credits: true

-env: 
-  XCODE_TAG: 15
-
 task:
  name: Test on Sonoma
  alias: test
@@ -11,11 +8,11 @@ task:
      name: dev-mini
    resources:
      tart-vms: 1
+  build_script:
+    - swift build
  test_script:
    - swift test
  integration_test_script:
-    # Build Tart
-    - swift build
    - codesign --sign - --entitlements Resources/tart-dev.entitlements --force .build/debug/tart
    - export PATH=$(pwd)/.build/arm64-apple-macosx/debug:$PATH
    # Run integration tests
@@ -41,7 +38,7 @@ task:
  name: Lint
  alias: lint
  macos_instance:
-    image: ghcr.io/cirruslabs/macos-sonoma-xcode:$XCODE_TAG
+    image: ghcr.io/cirruslabs/macos-runner:sonoma
  lint_script:
    - swift package plugin --allow-writing-to-package-directory swiftformat --cache ignore --lint --report swiftformat.json .
  always:
@@ -51,14 +48,18 @@ task:

 task:
  only_if: $CIRRUS_TAG == ''
-  name: Build
+  env:
+    matrix:
+      BUILD_ARCH: arm64
+      BUILD_ARCH: x86_64
+  name: Build ($BUILD_ARCH)
  alias: build
  macos_instance:
-    image: ghcr.io/cirruslabs/macos-sonoma-xcode:$XCODE_TAG
-  build_script: swift build --product tart
-  sign_script: codesign --sign - --entitlements Resources/tart-dev.entitlements --force .build/debug/tart
+    image: ghcr.io/cirruslabs/macos-runner:sonoma
+  build_script: swift build --arch $BUILD_ARCH --product tart
+  sign_script: codesign --sign - --entitlements Resources/tart-dev.entitlements --force .build/$BUILD_ARCH-apple-macosx/debug/tart
  binary_artifacts:
-    path: .build/debug/tart
+    path: .build/$BUILD_ARCH-apple-macosx/debug/tart

 task:
  only_if: $CIRRUS_TAG == '' && ($CIRRUS_USER_PERMISSION == 'write' || $CIRRUS_USER_PERMISSION == 'admin')
@@ -67,7 +68,7 @@ task:
    - lint
    - build
  macos_instance:
-    image: ghcr.io/cirruslabs/macos-sonoma-xcode:$XCODE_TAG
+    image: ghcr.io/cirruslabs/macos-runner:sonoma
  env:
    MACOS_CERTIFICATE: ENCRYPTED[552b9d275d1c2bdbc1bff778b104a8f9a53cbd0d59344d4b7f6d0ca3c811a5cefb97bef9ba0ef31c219cb07bdacdd2c2]
    AC_PASSWORD: ENCRYPTED[4a761023e7e06fe2eb350c8b6e8e7ca961af193cb9ba47605f25f1d353abc3142606f412e405be48fd897a78787ea8c2]
@@ -83,13 +84,13 @@ task:
    - security set-key-partition-list -S apple-tool:,apple:,codesign: -s -k password101 build.keychain
    - xcrun notarytool store-credentials "notarytool" --apple-id "hello@cirruslabs.org" --team-id "9M2P8L4D89" --password $AC_PASSWORD
  install_script:
-    - brew install go goreleaser/tap/goreleaser-pro getsentry/tools/sentry-cli
+    - brew install go goreleaser/tap/goreleaser-pro
    - brew install mitchellh/gon/gon
  info_script:
    - security find-identity -v
    - xcodebuild -version
    - swift -version
-  goreleaser_script: goreleaser release --skip-publish --snapshot --clean
+  goreleaser_script: goreleaser release --skip=publish --snapshot --clean
  always:
    dist_artifacts:
      path: "dist/*"
@@ -102,7 +103,7 @@ task:
    - test
    - build
  macos_instance:
-    image: ghcr.io/cirruslabs/macos-sonoma-xcode:$XCODE_TAG
+    image: ghcr.io/cirruslabs/macos-runner:sonoma
  env:
    MACOS_CERTIFICATE: ENCRYPTED[552b9d275d1c2bdbc1bff778b104a8f9a53cbd0d59344d4b7f6d0ca3c811a5cefb97bef9ba0ef31c219cb07bdacdd2c2]
    AC_PASSWORD: ENCRYPTED[4a761023e7e06fe2eb350c8b6e8e7ca961af193cb9ba47605f25f1d353abc3142606f412e405be48fd897a78787ea8c2]
@@ -110,7 +111,7 @@ task:
    GORELEASER_KEY: ENCRYPTED[!9b80b6ef684ceaf40edd4c7af93014ee156c8aba7e6e5795f41c482729887b5c31f36b651491d790f1f668670888d9fd!]
    SENTRY_ORG: cirrus-labs
    SENTRY_PROJECT: persistent-workers
-    SENTRY_AUTH_TOKEN: ENCRYPTED[!c16a5cf7da5f856b4bc2f21fe8cb7aa2a6c981f851c094ed4d3025fd02ea59a58a86cee8b193a69a1fc20fa217e56ac3!]
+    SENTRY_AUTH_TOKEN: ENCRYPTED[!9eaf2875d51b113e2f68598441ff8e6b2e53242e48fcb93633bd75a373fbe2e7caa900d837cc92f0b142b65579731644!]
  setup_script:
    - cd $HOME
    - echo $MACOS_CERTIFICATE | base64 --decode > certificate.p12
@@ -16,3 +16,6 @@ dist/

 # mkdocs
 .cache
+
+# mkdocs-material
+site
@@ -3,27 +3,35 @@ project_name: tart
 before:
  hooks:
    - .ci/set-version.sh
-    - swift build -c release --product tart
+    - swift build --arch x86_64 -c release --product tart
+    - swift build --arch arm64 -c release --product tart
    - gon gon.hcl
-    - mkdir -p tart.app/Contents/MacOS
-    - cp .build/arm64-apple-macosx/release/tart tart.app/Contents/MacOS/

 builds:
-  - builder: prebuilt
+  - id: tart
+    builder: prebuilt
+    goamd64: [v1]
    goos:
      - darwin
    goarch:
      - arm64
+      - amd64
    binary: tart.app/Contents/MacOS/tart
    prebuilt:
-      path: tart.app/Contents/MacOS/tart
+      path: '.build/{{- if eq .Arch "arm64" }}arm64{{- else }}x86_64{{ end }}-apple-macosx/release/tart'

 archives:
-  - name_template: "{{ .ProjectName }}"
+  - name_template: "{{ .ProjectName }}-{{ .Arch }}"
    files:
      - src: Resources/embedded.provisionprofile
        dst: tart.app/Contents
        strip_parent: true
+      - src: Resources/Info.plist
+        dst: tart.app/Contents
+        strip_parent: true
+      - src: Resources/AppIcon.png
+        dst: tart.app/Contents/Resources
+        strip_parent: true
      - LICENSE

 release:
@@ -31,24 +39,19 @@ release:

 brews:
  - name: tart
-    tap:
+    repository:
      owner: cirruslabs
      name: homebrew-cli
    caveats: See the GitHub repository for more information
    homepage: https://github.com/cirruslabs/tart
    license: "Fair Source"
-    description: Run macOS VMs on Apple Silicon
+    description: Run macOS and Linux VMs on Apple Hardware
    skip_upload: auto
    dependencies:
      - "cirruslabs/cli/softnet"
    install: |
      libexec.install Dir["*"]
      bin.write_exec_script "#{libexec}/tart.app/Contents/MacOS/tart"
+      generate_completions_from_executable(libexec/"tart.app/Contents/MacOS/tart", "--generate-completion-script")
    custom_block: |
      depends_on :macos => :ventura
-      
-      on_macos do
-        unless Hardware::CPU.arm?
-          odie "Tart only works on Apple Silicon!"
-        end
-      end
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 {
+  "originHash" : "2c514a4a1d7e106713db744bee89edb40d75da63e6611990ec2f4b0da53c0455",
  "pins" : [
    {
      "identity" : "antlr4",
@@ -18,13 +19,22 @@
        "revision" : "772883073d044bc754d401cabb6574624eb3778f"
      }
    },
+    {
+      "identity" : "semaphore",
+      "kind" : "remoteSourceControl",
+      "location" : "https://github.com/groue/Semaphore",
+      "state" : {
+        "revision" : "f1c4a0acabeb591068dea6cffdd39660b86dec28",
+        "version" : "0.0.8"
+      }
+    },
    {
      "identity" : "sentry-cocoa",
      "kind" : "remoteSourceControl",
      "location" : "https://github.com/getsentry/sentry-cocoa",
      "state" : {
-        "revision" : "d277532e1c8af813981ba01f591b15bbdd735615",
-        "version" : "8.8.0"
+        "revision" : "ef4fec9dfb8dd5027b09a4a5c9362feafd118e1a",
+        "version" : "8.24.0"
      }
    },
    {
@@ -32,8 +42,8 @@
      "kind" : "remoteSourceControl",
      "location" : "https://github.com/apple/swift-algorithms",
      "state" : {
-        "revision" : "b14b7f4c528c942f121c8b860b9410b2bf57825e",
-        "version" : "1.0.0"
+        "revision" : "f6919dfc309e7f1b56224378b11e28bab5bccc42",
+        "version" : "1.2.0"
      }
    },
    {
@@ -41,8 +51,8 @@
      "kind" : "remoteSourceControl",
      "location" : "https://github.com/apple/swift-argument-parser",
      "state" : {
-        "revision" : "f3c9084a71ef4376f2fabbdf1d3d90a49f1fabdb",
-        "version" : "1.1.2"
+        "revision" : "46989693916f56d1186bd59ac15124caef896560",
+        "version" : "1.3.1"
      }
    },
    {
@@ -59,8 +69,8 @@
      "kind" : "remoteSourceControl",
      "location" : "https://github.com/apple/swift-atomics.git",
      "state" : {
-        "revision" : "919eb1d83e02121cdb434c7bfc1f0c66ef17febe",
-        "version" : "1.0.2"
+        "revision" : "cd142fd2f64be2100422d658e7411e39489da985",
+        "version" : "1.2.0"
      }
    },
    {
@@ -72,6 +82,15 @@
        "version" : "1.0.3"
      }
    },
+    {
+      "identity" : "swift-log",
+      "kind" : "remoteSourceControl",
+      "location" : "https://github.com/apple/swift-log.git",
+      "state" : {
+        "revision" : "e97a6fcb1ab07462881ac165fdbb37f067e205d5",
+        "version" : "1.5.4"
+      }
+    },
    {
      "identity" : "swift-numerics",
      "kind" : "remoteSourceControl",
@@ -81,13 +100,31 @@
        "version" : "1.0.2"
      }
    },
+    {
+      "identity" : "swift-retry",
+      "kind" : "remoteSourceControl",
+      "location" : "https://github.com/fumoboy007/swift-retry",
+      "state" : {
+        "revision" : "9f133487ffc2ab4539688c29efe57bb1ba31d7b0",
+        "version" : "0.2.3"
+      }
+    },
    {
      "identity" : "swift-sysctl",
      "kind" : "remoteSourceControl",
      "location" : "https://github.com/sersoft-gmbh/swift-sysctl.git",
      "state" : {
-        "revision" : "71fd64ee84819bb19fbecfb36d5a4503726b6fb7",
-        "version" : "1.6.0"
+        "revision" : "a91be36de6803ebe48f678699dfd0694c2200d2f",
+        "version" : "1.8.0"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "identity" : "swift-xattr",
+      "kind" : "remoteSourceControl",
+      "location" : "https://github.com/jozefizso/swift-xattr",
+      "state" : {
+        "revision" : "f8605af7b3290dbb235fb182ec6e9035d0c8c3ac",
+        "version" : "3.0.0"
      }
    },
    {
@@ -95,8 +132,8 @@
      "kind" : "remoteSourceControl",
      "location" : "https://github.com/malcommac/SwiftDate",
      "state" : {
-        "revision" : "6190d0cefff3013e77ed567e6b074f324e5c5bf5",
-        "version" : "6.3.1"
+        "revision" : "5d943224c3bb173e6ecf27295611615eba90c80e",
+        "version" : "7.0.0"
      }
    },
    {
@@ -104,8 +141,17 @@
      "kind" : "remoteSourceControl",
      "location" : "https://github.com/nicklockwood/SwiftFormat",
      "state" : {
-        "revision" : "da637c398c5d08896521b737f2868ddc2e7996ae",
-        "version" : "0.50.6"
+        "revision" : "9df3b01f477163b33d5e63c5e2e5b9f946a49c56",
+        "version" : "0.53.6"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "identity" : "swiftradix",
+      "kind" : "remoteSourceControl",
+      "location" : "https://github.com/orchetect/SwiftRadix",
+      "state" : {
+        "revision" : "a52c37a4c213403f7377ae77b4c68451bcab8330",
+        "version" : "1.3.1"
      }
    },
    {
@@ -118,5 +164,5 @@
      }
    }
  ],
-  "version" : 2
+  "version" : 3
 }
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// swift-tools-version:5.7
+// swift-tools-version:5.10

 import PackageDescription
 let package = Package(
@@ -10,17 +10,21 @@ let package = Package(
    .executable(name: "tart", targets: ["tart"])
  ],
  dependencies: [
-    .package(url: "https://github.com/apple/swift-argument-parser", from: "1.1.2"),
+    .package(url: "https://github.com/apple/swift-argument-parser", from: "1.3.1"),
    .package(url: "https://github.com/mhdhejazi/Dynamic", branch: "master"),
-    .package(url: "https://github.com/apple/swift-algorithms", from: "1.0.0"),
+    .package(url: "https://github.com/apple/swift-algorithms", from: "1.2.0"),
    .package(url: "https://github.com/apple/swift-async-algorithms", branch: "main"),
-    .package(url: "https://github.com/malcommac/SwiftDate", from: "6.3.1"),
+    .package(url: "https://github.com/malcommac/SwiftDate", from: "7.0.0"),
    .package(url: "https://github.com/antlr/antlr4", branch: "dev"),
-    .package(url: "https://github.com/apple/swift-atomics.git", .upToNextMajor(from: "1.0.0")),
-    .package(url: "https://github.com/nicklockwood/SwiftFormat", from: "0.50.6"),
-    .package(url: "https://github.com/getsentry/sentry-cocoa", from: "8.8.0"),
+    .package(url: "https://github.com/apple/swift-atomics.git", .upToNextMajor(from: "1.2.0")),
+    .package(url: "https://github.com/nicklockwood/SwiftFormat", from: "0.53.6"),
+    .package(url: "https://github.com/getsentry/sentry-cocoa", from: "8.24.0"),
    .package(url: "https://github.com/cfilipov/TextTable", branch: "master"),
-    .package(url: "https://github.com/sersoft-gmbh/swift-sysctl.git", from: "1.0.0"),
+    .package(url: "https://github.com/sersoft-gmbh/swift-sysctl.git", from: "1.8.0"),
+    .package(url: "https://github.com/orchetect/SwiftRadix", from: "1.3.1"),
+    .package(url: "https://github.com/groue/Semaphore", from: "0.0.8"),
+    .package(url: "https://github.com/fumoboy007/swift-retry", from: "0.2.3"),
+    .package(url: "https://github.com/jozefizso/swift-xattr", from: "3.0.0"),
  ],
  targets: [
    .executableTarget(name: "tart", dependencies: [
@@ -34,6 +38,10 @@ let package = Package(
      .product(name: "Sentry", package: "sentry-cocoa"),
      .product(name: "TextTable", package: "TextTable"),
      .product(name: "Sysctl", package: "swift-sysctl"),
+      .product(name: "SwiftRadix", package: "SwiftRadix"),
+      .product(name: "Semaphore", package: "Semaphore"),
+      .product(name: "DMRetry", package: "swift-retry"),
+      .product(name: "XAttr", package: "swift-xattr"),
    ], exclude: [
      "OCI/Reference/Makefile",
      "OCI/Reference/Reference.g4",
@@ -8,43 +8,32 @@ Built by CI engineers for your automation needs. Here are some highlights of Tar
 * Use Tart Packer Plugin to automate VM creation.
 * Easily integrates with any CI system.

-Tart powers [Cirrus Runners](https://tart.run/integrations/github-actions/?utm_source=github&utm_medium=referral)
+Tart powers [Cirrus Runners](https://cirrus-runners.app/)
 service — a drop-in replacement for the standard GitHub-hosted runners, offering 2-3 times better performance for a fraction of the price.

 <p align="center">
-  <a href="https://tart.run/integrations/github-actions/?utm_source=github&utm_medium=referral" target=_blank>
+  <a href="https://cirrus-runners.app/?utm_source=github&utm_medium=referral" target=_blank>
    <img src="https://github.com/cirruslabs/tart/raw/main/Resources/CirrusRunnersForGHA.png" height="65"/>
  </a>
 </p>

-Tart is also adopted by several other automation services:
+Many companies are using Tart in their internal setups. Here are just a few of them:

 <p align="center">
-  <a href="https://cirrus-ci.org/guide/macOS/" target=_blank>
-    <img src="https://github.com/cirruslabs/tart/raw/main/Resources/Users/CirrusCI.png" height="65"/>
+  <a href="https://atlassian.com/" target=_blank>
+    <img src="https://github.com/cirruslabs/tart/raw/main/Resources/Users/Atlassian.png" height="65"/>
  </a>
-  <a href="https://codemagic.io/" target=_blank>
-    <img src="https://github.com/cirruslabs/tart/raw/main/Resources/Users/Codemagic.png" height="65"/>
-  </a>
-  <a href="https://testingbot.com/" target=_blank>
-    <img src="https://github.com/cirruslabs/tart/raw/main/Resources/Users/TestingBot.png" height="65"/>
-  </a>
-</p>
-
-Many more companies are using Tart in their internal setups. Here are a few of them:
-
-<p align="center">
-  <a href="https://ahrefs.com/" target=_blank>
-    <img src="https://github.com/cirruslabs/tart/raw/main/Resources/Users/ahrefs.png" height="65"/>
-  </a>
-  <a href="https://krisp.ai/" target=_blank>
-    <img src="https://github.com/cirruslabs/tart/raw/main/Resources/Users/Krisp.png" height="65"/>
+  <a href="https://www.figma.com/" target=_blank>
+    <img src="https://github.com/cirruslabs/tart/raw/main/Resources/Users/Figma.png" height="65"/>
  </a>
  <a href="https://mullvad.net/" target=_blank>
    <img src="https://github.com/cirruslabs/tart/raw/main/Resources/Users/Mullvad.png" height="65"/>
  </a>
-  <a href="https://suran.com/" target=_blank>
-    <img src="https://github.com/cirruslabs/tart/raw/main/Resources/Users/Suran.png" height="65"/>
+  <a href="https://krisp.ai/" target=_blank>
+    <img src="https://github.com/cirruslabs/tart/raw/main/Resources/Users/Krisp.png" height="65"/>
+  </a>
+  <a href="https://testingbot.com/" target=_blank>
+    <img src="https://github.com/cirruslabs/tart/raw/main/Resources/Users/TestingBot.png" height="65"/>
  </a>
  <a href="https://symflower.com/" target=_blank>
    <img src="https://github.com/cirruslabs/tart/raw/main/Resources/Users/Symflower.png" height="65"/>
@@ -52,15 +41,24 @@ Many more companies are using Tart in their internal setups. Here are a few of t
  <a href="https://transloadit.com/" target=_blank>
    <img src="https://github.com/cirruslabs/tart/raw/main/Resources/Users/Transloadit.png" height="65"/>
  </a>
-  <a href="https://uphold.com/" target=_blank>
-    <img src="https://github.com/cirruslabs/tart/raw/main/Resources/Users/Uphold.png" height="65"/>
+  <a href="https://cirrus-ci.org/" target=_blank>
+    <img src="https://github.com/cirruslabs/tart/raw/main/Resources/Users/CirrusCI.png" height="65"/>
  </a>
  <a href="https://www.pitsdatarecovery.net/" target=_blank>
    <img src="https://github.com/cirruslabs/tart/raw/main/Resources/Users/PITSGlobalDataRecoveryServices.png" height="65"/>
  </a>
+  <a href="https://expo.dev/" target=_blank>
+    <img src="https://github.com/cirruslabs/tart/raw/main/Resources/Users/Expo.png" height="65"/>
+  </a>
 </p>

-**Note:** If your company or project is using Tart please consider [adding yourself to the list above](/Resources/Users/HowToAddYourself.md).
+**Note:** If your company or project is using Tart please consider [sharing with the community](https://github.com/cirruslabs/tart/discussions/857).
+
+<p align="center">
+  <a href="https://aws.amazon.com/marketplace/pp/prodview-qczco34wlkdws?utm_source=github&utm_medium=referral" target=_blank>
+    <img src="https://github.com/cirruslabs/tart/raw/main/Resources/AWSMarkeplaceLogo.png" height="90"/>
+  </a>
+</p>

 ## Usage

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+<dict>
+    <key>CFBundleName</key>
+    <string>tart</string>
+    <key>CFBundleIdentifier</key>
+    <string>org.cirruslabs.tart</string>
+    <key>CFBundleExecutable</key>
+    <string>tart</string>
+    <key>LSBackgroundOnly</key>
+    <string>1</string>
+    <key>CFBundleIconFiles</key>
+    <array>
+        <string>AppIcon.png</string>
+    </array>
+    <key>NSAppTransportSecurity</key>
+    <dict>
+        <key>NSAllowsArbitraryLoads</key>
+        <true/>
+    </dict>
+</dict>
+</plist>
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-If you'd like to highlight your use of Tart, please create a `456px` by `130px` logo and create a PR
-that adds it to `README.md` in alphabetical order. Don't forget to include a small description of your usage pattern.
-
-You can refer to `Background.png` as a base for your logo.
@@ -4,5 +4,7 @@
 <dict>
 	<key>com.apple.security.virtualization</key>
 	<true/>
+	<key>com.apple.security.get-task-allow</key>
+	<true/>
 </dict>
 </plist>
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ struct Clone: AsyncParsableCommand {
    discussion: """
    Creates a local virtual machine by cloning either a remote or another local virtual machine.

-    Due to copy-on-write magic in Apple File System a cloned VM won't actually claim all the space right away.
+    Due to copy-on-write magic in Apple File System, a cloned VM won't actually claim all the space right away.
    Only changes to a cloned disk will be written and claim new space. By default, Tart checks available capacity
    in Tart's home directory and checks if there is enough space for the worst possible scenario: when the whole disk
    will be modified.
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ struct Clone: AsyncParsableCommand {
    """
  )

-  @Argument(help: "source VM name")
+  @Argument(help: "source VM name", completion: .custom(completeMachines))
  var sourceName: String

  @Argument(help: "new VM name")
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ struct Clone: AsyncParsableCommand {
      try lock.lock()

      let generateMAC = try localStorage.hasVMsWithMACAddress(macAddress: sourceVM.macAddress())
-        && sourceVM.state() != "suspended"
+        && sourceVM.state() != .Suspended
      try sourceVM.clone(to: tmpVMDir, generateMAC: generateMAC)

      try localStorage.move(newName, from: tmpVMDir)
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ struct Clone: AsyncParsableCommand {
      // APFS is doing copy-on-write so the above cloning operation (just copying files on disk)
      // is not actually claiming new space until the VM is started and it writes something to disk.
      // So once we clone the VM let's try to claim a little bit of space for the VM to run.
-      try Prune.reclaimIfNeeded(UInt64(sourceVM.sizeBytes()), sourceVM)
+      try Prune.reclaimIfNeeded(UInt64(sourceVM.allocatedSizeBytes()), sourceVM)
    }, onCancel: {
      try? FileManager.default.removeItem(at: tmpVMDir.baseURL)
    })
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 import ArgumentParser
 import Dispatch
-import SwiftUI
 import Foundation
+import SwiftUI
+import Virtualization

 struct Create: AsyncParsableCommand {
  static var configuration = CommandConfiguration(abstract: "Create a VM")
@@ -15,13 +16,18 @@ struct Create: AsyncParsableCommand {
  @Flag(help: "create a Linux VM")
  var linux: Bool = false

-  @Option(help: ArgumentHelp("Disk size in Gb")) 
+  @Option(help: ArgumentHelp("Disk size in GB"))
  var diskSize: UInt16 = 50

  func validate() throws {
    if fromIPSW == nil && !linux {
      throw ValidationError("Please specify either a --from-ipsw or --linux option!")
    }
+    #if arch(x86_64)
+      if fromIPSW != nil {
+        throw ValidationError("Only Linux VMs are supported on Intel!")
+      }
+    #endif
  }

  func run() async throws {
@@ -32,19 +38,29 @@ struct Create: AsyncParsableCommand {
    try tmpVMDirLock.lock()

    try await withTaskCancellationHandler(operation: {
-      if let fromIPSW = fromIPSW {
-        let ipswURL: URL
+      #if arch(arm64)
+        if let fromIPSW = fromIPSW {
+          let ipswURL: URL

-        if fromIPSW == "latest" {
-          ipswURL = try await VM.latestIPSWURL()
-        } else if fromIPSW.starts(with: "http://") || fromIPSW.starts(with: "https://") {
-          ipswURL = URL(string: fromIPSW)!
-        } else {
-          ipswURL = URL(fileURLWithPath: fromIPSW)
+          if fromIPSW == "latest" {
+            defaultLogger.appendNewLine("Looking up the latest supported IPSW...")
+
+            let image = try await withCheckedThrowingContinuation { continuation in
+              VZMacOSRestoreImage.fetchLatestSupported() { result in
+                continuation.resume(with: result)
+              }
+            }
+
+            ipswURL = image.url
+          } else if fromIPSW.starts(with: "http://") || fromIPSW.starts(with: "https://") {
+            ipswURL = URL(string: fromIPSW)!
+          } else {
+            ipswURL = URL(fileURLWithPath: NSString(string: fromIPSW).expandingTildeInPath)
+          }
+
+          _ = try await VM(vmDir: tmpVMDir, ipswURL: ipswURL, diskSizeGB: diskSize)
        }
-
-        _ = try await VM(vmDir: tmpVMDir, ipswURL: ipswURL, diskSizeGB: diskSize)
-      }
+      #endif

      if linux {
        _ = try await VM.linux(vmDir: tmpVMDir, diskSizeGB: diskSize)
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import SwiftUI
 struct Delete: AsyncParsableCommand {
  static var configuration = CommandConfiguration(abstract: "Delete a VM")

-  @Argument(help: "VM name")
+  @Argument(help: "VM name", completion: .custom(completeMachines))
  var name: [String]

  func run() async throws {
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import Foundation
 struct Export: AsyncParsableCommand {
  static var configuration = CommandConfiguration(abstract: "Export VM to a compressed .tvm file")

-  @Argument(help: "Source VM name.")
+  @Argument(help: "Source VM name.", completion: .custom(completeMachines))
  var name: String

  @Argument(help: "Path to the destination file.")
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+import ArgumentParser
+import Foundation
+import SystemConfiguration
+
+struct FQN: AsyncParsableCommand {
+  static var configuration = CommandConfiguration(abstract: "Get a fully-qualified VM name", shouldDisplay: false)
+
+  @Argument(help: "VM name", completion: .custom(completeMachines))
+  var name: String
+
+  func run() async throws {
+    if var remoteName = try? RemoteName(name) {
+      let digest = try VMStorageOCI().digest(remoteName)
+
+      remoteName.reference = Reference(digest: digest)
+
+      print(remoteName)
+    } else {
+      print(name)
+    }
+  }
+}
@@ -2,9 +2,11 @@ import ArgumentParser
 import Foundation

 fileprivate struct VMInfo: Encodable {
+  let OS: OS
  let CPU: Int
  let Memory: UInt64
  let Disk: Int
+  let Size: String
  let Display: String
  let Running: Bool
  let State: String
@@ -13,7 +15,7 @@ fileprivate struct VMInfo: Encodable {
 struct Get: AsyncParsableCommand {
  static var configuration = CommandConfiguration(commandName: "get", abstract: "Get a VM's configuration")

-  @Argument(help: "VM name.")
+  @Argument(help: "VM name.", completion: .custom(completeLocalMachines))
  var name: String

  @Option(help: "Output format: text or json")
@@ -22,11 +24,9 @@ struct Get: AsyncParsableCommand {
  func run() async throws {
    let vmDir = try VMStorageLocal().open(name)
    let vmConfig = try VMConfig(fromURL: vmDir.configURL)
-    let diskSizeInGb = try vmDir.sizeGB()
    let memorySizeInMb = vmConfig.memorySize / 1024 / 1024

-    let info = VMInfo(CPU: vmConfig.cpuCount, Memory: memorySizeInMb, Disk: diskSizeInGb,
-                      Display: vmConfig.display.description, Running: try vmDir.running(), State: try vmDir.state())
+    let info = VMInfo(OS: vmConfig.os, CPU: vmConfig.cpuCount, Memory: memorySizeInMb, Disk: try vmDir.sizeGB(), Size: String(format: "%.3f", Float(try vmDir.allocatedSizeBytes()) / 1000 / 1000 / 1000), Display: vmConfig.display.description, Running: try vmDir.running(), State: try vmDir.state().rawValue)
    print(format.renderSingle(info))
  }
 }
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ enum IPResolutionStrategy: String, ExpressibleByArgument, CaseIterable {
 struct IP: AsyncParsableCommand {
  static var configuration = CommandConfiguration(abstract: "Get VM's IP address")

-  @Argument(help: "VM name")
+  @Argument(help: "VM name", completion: .custom(completeLocalMachines))
  var name: String

  @Option(help: "Number of seconds to wait for a potential VM booting")
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ struct IP: AsyncParsableCommand {
          return ip
        }
      case .dhcp:
-        if let leases = try Leases(), let ip = try leases.ResolveMACAddress(macAddress: vmMACAddress) {
+        if let leases = try Leases(), let ip = leases.ResolveMACAddress(macAddress: vmMACAddress) {
          return ip
        }
      }
@@ -5,7 +5,9 @@ import SwiftUI
 fileprivate struct VMInfo: Encodable {
  let Source: String
  let Name: String
+  let Disk: Int
  let Size: Int
+  let SizeOnDisk: Int
  let Running: Bool
  let State: String
 }
@@ -37,13 +39,13 @@ struct List: AsyncParsableCommand {

    if source == nil || source == "local" {
      infos += sortedInfos(try VMStorageLocal().list().map { (name, vmDir) in
-        try VMInfo(Source: "local", Name: name, Size: vmDir.sizeGB(), Running: vmDir.running(), State: vmDir.state())
+        try VMInfo(Source: "local", Name: name, Disk: vmDir.sizeGB(), Size: vmDir.allocatedSizeGB(), SizeOnDisk: vmDir.allocatedSizeGB() - vmDir.deduplicatedSizeGB(), Running: vmDir.running(), State: vmDir.state().rawValue)
      })
    }

    if source == nil || source == "oci" {
      infos += sortedInfos(try VMStorageOCI().list().map { (name, vmDir, _) in
-        try VMInfo(Source: "oci", Name: name, Size: vmDir.sizeGB(), Running: vmDir.running(), State: vmDir.state())
+        try VMInfo(Source: "OCI", Name: name, Disk: vmDir.sizeGB(), Size: vmDir.allocatedSizeGB(), SizeOnDisk: vmDir.allocatedSizeGB() - vmDir.deduplicatedSizeGB(), Running: vmDir.running(), State: vmDir.state().rawValue)
      })
    }

@@ -49,9 +49,10 @@ struct Login: AsyncParsableCommand {
    ])

    if !noValidate {
+      let registry = try Registry(host: host, namespace: "", insecure: insecure,
+                                  credentialsProviders: [credentialsProvider])
+
      do {
-        let registry = try Registry(host: host, namespace: "", insecure: insecure,
-                                    credentialsProviders: [credentialsProvider])
        try await registry.ping()
      } catch {
        throw RuntimeError.InvalidCredentials("invalid credentials: \(error)")
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ struct Prune: AsyncParsableCommand {
    var prunablesToDelete: [Prunable] = []

    for prunable in prunables {
-      let prunableSizeBytes = UInt64(try prunable.sizeBytes())
+      let prunableSizeBytes = UInt64(try prunable.allocatedSizeBytes())

      if prunableSizeBytes <= spaceBudgetBytes {
        // Don't mark for deletion as
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ struct Prune: AsyncParsableCommand {
      .sorted { try $0.accessDate() < $1.accessDate() }

    // Does it even make sense to start?
-    let cacheUsedBytes = try prunables.map { try $0.sizeBytes() }.reduce(0, +)
+    let cacheUsedBytes = try prunables.map { try $0.allocatedSizeBytes() }.reduce(0, +)
    if cacheUsedBytes < reclaimBytes {
      return
    }
@@ -177,9 +177,9 @@ struct Prune: AsyncParsableCommand {
        continue
      }

-      try SentrySDK.span?.setData(value: prunable.sizeBytes(), key: prunable.url.path)
+      try SentrySDK.span?.setData(value: prunable.allocatedSizeBytes(), key: prunable.url.path)

-      cacheReclaimedBytes += try prunable.sizeBytes()
+      cacheReclaimedBytes += try prunable.allocatedSizeBytes()

      try prunable.delete()
    }
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import Compression
 struct Push: AsyncParsableCommand {
  static var configuration = CommandConfiguration(abstract: "Push a VM to a registry")

-  @Argument(help: "local or remote VM name")
+  @Argument(help: "local or remote VM name", completion: .custom(completeMachines))
  var localName: String

  @Argument(help: "remote VM name(s)")
@@ -15,6 +15,9 @@ struct Push: AsyncParsableCommand {
  @Flag(help: "connect to the OCI registry via insecure HTTP protocol")
  var insecure: Bool = false

+  @Option(help: "network concurrency to use when pushing a local VM to the OCI-compatible registry")
+  var concurrency: UInt = 4
+
  @Option(help: ArgumentHelp("chunk size in MB if registry supports chunked uploads",
                             discussion: """
                             By default monolithic method is used for uploading blobs to the registry but some registries support a more efficient chunked method.
@@ -33,6 +36,10 @@ struct Push: AsyncParsableCommand {
  func run() async throws {
    let ociStorage = VMStorageOCI()
    let localVMDir = try VMStorageHelper.open(localName)
+    let lock = try localVMDir.lock()
+    if try !lock.trylock() {
+      throw RuntimeError.VMIsRunning(localName)
+    }

    // Parse remote names supplied by the user
    let remoteNames = try remoteNames.map{
@@ -73,7 +80,8 @@ struct Push: AsyncParsableCommand {
          registry: registry,
          references: references,
          chunkSizeMb: chunkSize,
-          diskFormat: diskFormat
+          diskFormat: diskFormat,
+          concurrency: concurrency
        )
        // Populate the local cache (if requested)
        if populateCache {
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@ import ArgumentParser
 import Foundation

 struct Rename: AsyncParsableCommand {
-  static var configuration = CommandConfiguration(abstract: "Rename a VM")
+  static var configuration = CommandConfiguration(abstract: "Rename a local VM")

-  @Argument(help: "VM name")
+  @Argument(help: "VM name", completion: .custom(completeLocalMachines))
  var name: String

  @Argument(help: "new VM name")
@@ -20,11 +20,11 @@ struct Rename: AsyncParsableCommand {
    let localStorage = VMStorageLocal()

    if !localStorage.exists(name) {
-      throw ValidationError("failed to rename a non-existent VM: \(name)")
+      throw ValidationError("failed to rename a non-existent local VM: \(name)")
    }

    if localStorage.exists(newName) {
-      throw ValidationError("failed to rename VM \(name), target VM \(name) already exists, delete it first!")
+      throw ValidationError("failed to rename VM \(name), target VM \(newName) already exists, delete it first!")
    }

    try localStorage.rename(name, newName)
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 import ArgumentParser
 import Foundation
+import Virtualization

 struct Set: AsyncParsableCommand {
  static var configuration = CommandConfiguration(commandName: "set", abstract: "Modify VM's configuration")

-  @Argument(help: "VM name")
+  @Argument(help: "VM name", completion: .custom(completeLocalMachines))
  var name: String

  @Option(help: "Number of VM CPUs")
@@ -16,7 +17,29 @@ struct Set: AsyncParsableCommand {
  @Option(help: "VM display resolution in a format of <width>x<height>. For example, 1200x800")
  var display: VMDisplayConfig?

-  @Option(help: .hidden)
+  @Flag(help: ArgumentHelp("Generate a new random MAC address for the VM."))
+  var randomMAC: Bool = false
+
+  #if arch(arm64)
+    @Flag(help: ArgumentHelp("Generate a new random serial number for the macOS VM."))
+  #endif
+  var randomSerial: Bool = false
+
+  @Option(help: ArgumentHelp("Replace the VM's disk contents with the disk contents at path.", valueName: "path"))
+  var disk: String?
+
+  @Option(help: ArgumentHelp("Resize the VMs disk to the specified size in GB (note that the disk size can only be increased to avoid losing data)",
+                             discussion: """
+                             Disk resizing works on most cloud-ready Linux distributions out-of-the box (e.g. Ubuntu Cloud Images
+                             have the \"cloud-initramfs-growroot\" package installed that runs on boot) and on the rest of the
+                             distributions by running the \"growpart\" or \"resize2fs\" commands.
+
+                             For macOS, however, things are a bit more complicated: you need to remove the recovery partition
+                             first and then run various \"diskutil\" commands, see Tart's packer plugin source code for more
+                             details[1].
+
+                             [1]: https://github.com/cirruslabs/packer-plugin-tart/blob/main/builder/tart/step_disk_resize.go
+                             """))
  var diskSize: UInt16?

  func run() async throws {
@@ -40,8 +63,27 @@ struct Set: AsyncParsableCommand {
      }
    }

+    if randomMAC {
+      vmConfig.macAddress = VZMACAddress.randomLocallyAdministered()
+    }
+
+    #if arch(arm64)
+      if randomSerial {
+        let oldPlatform = vmConfig.platform as! Darwin
+        vmConfig.platform = Darwin(ecid: VZMacMachineIdentifier(), hardwareModel: oldPlatform.hardwareModel)
+      }
+    #endif
+
    try vmConfig.save(toURL: vmDir.configURL)

+    if let disk = disk {
+      let temporaryDiskURL = try Config().tartTmpDir.appendingPathComponent("set-disk-\(UUID().uuidString)")
+
+      try FileManager.default.copyItem(atPath: disk, toPath: temporaryDiskURL.path())
+
+      _ = try FileManager.default.replaceItemAt(vmDir.diskURL, withItemAt: temporaryDiskURL)
+    }
+
    if diskSize != nil {
      try vmDir.resizeDisk(diskSize!)
    }
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import SwiftDate
 struct Stop: AsyncParsableCommand {
  static var configuration = CommandConfiguration(commandName: "stop", abstract: "Stop a VM")

-  @Argument(help: "VM name")
+  @Argument(help: "VM name", completion: .custom(completeRunningMachines))
  var name: String

  @Option(name: [.short, .long], help: "Seconds to wait for graceful termination before forcefully terminating the VM")
@@ -15,12 +15,12 @@ struct Stop: AsyncParsableCommand {
  func run() async throws {
    let vmDir = try VMStorageLocal().open(name)
    switch try vmDir.state() {
-    case "suspended":
+    case .Suspended:
      try stopSuspended(vmDir)
-    case "running":
+    case .Running:
      try await stopRunning(vmDir)
-    default:
-      return
+    case .Stopped:
+      throw RuntimeError.VMNotRunning(name)
    }
  }

@@ -29,12 +29,12 @@ struct Stop: AsyncParsableCommand {
  }

  func stopRunning(_ vmDir: VMDirectory) async throws {
-    let lock = try PIDLock(lockURL: vmDir.configURL)
+    let lock = try vmDir.lock()

    // Find the VM's PID
    var pid = try lock.pid()
    if pid == 0 {
-      throw RuntimeError.VMNotRunning("VM \"\(name)\" is not running")
+      throw RuntimeError.VMNotRunning(name)
    }

    // Try to gracefully terminate the VM
@@ -6,15 +6,15 @@ import SwiftDate
 struct Suspend: AsyncParsableCommand {
  static var configuration = CommandConfiguration(commandName: "suspend", abstract: "Suspend a VM")

-  @Argument(help: "VM name")
+  @Argument(help: "VM name", completion: .custom(completeRunningMachines))
  var name: String

  func run() async throws {
    let vmDir = try VMStorageLocal().open(name)
-    let lock = try PIDLock(lockURL: vmDir.configURL)
+    let lock = try vmDir.lock()

    // Find the VM's PID
-    var pid = try lock.pid()
+    let pid = try lock.pid()
    if pid == 0 {
      throw RuntimeError.VMNotRunning("VM \"\(name)\" is not running")
    }
@@ -41,13 +41,18 @@ class DockerConfigCredentialsProvider: CredentialsProvider {

    process.waitUntilExit()

+    let outputData = try outPipe.fileHandleForReading.readToEnd()
    if !(process.terminationReason == .exit && process.terminationStatus == 0) {
+      if let outputData = outputData {
+        print(String(decoding: outputData, as: UTF8.self))
+      }
      throw CredentialsProviderError.Failed(message: "Docker helper failed!")
    }
+    if outputData == nil || outputData?.count == 0 {
+      throw CredentialsProviderError.Failed(message: "Docker helper output is empty!")
+    }

-    let getOutput = try JSONDecoder().decode(
-      DockerGetOutput.self, from: outPipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
-    )
+    let getOutput = try JSONDecoder().decode(DockerGetOutput.self, from: outputData!)
    return (getOutput.Username, getOutput.Secret)
  }

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class KeychainCredentialsProvider: CredentialsProvider {
                              kSecAttrLabel as String: "Tart Credentials",
    ]
    let value: [String: Any] = [kSecAttrAccount as String: user,
-                                kSecValueData as String: passwordData,
+                                kSecValueData as String: passwordData as Any,
    ]

    let status = SecItemCopyMatching(key as CFDictionary, nil)
@@ -3,19 +3,32 @@ import AsyncAlgorithms

 fileprivate let urlSession = createURLSession()

-class Fetcher {
-  static func fetch(_ request: URLRequest, viaFile: Bool = false) async throws -> (AsyncThrowingChannel<Data, Error>, HTTPURLResponse) {
-    if viaFile {
-      return try await fetchViaFile(request)
-    }
-
-    return try await fetchViaMemory(request)
+class DownloadDelegate: NSObject, URLSessionTaskDelegate {
+  let progress: Progress
+  init(_ progress: Progress) throws {
+    self.progress = progress
  }

-  private static func fetchViaMemory(_ request: URLRequest) async throws -> (AsyncThrowingChannel<Data, Error>, HTTPURLResponse) {
+  func urlSession(_ session: URLSession, didCreateTask task: URLSessionTask) {
+    self.progress.addChild(task.progress, withPendingUnitCount: self.progress.totalUnitCount)
+  }
+}
+
+class Fetcher {
+  static func fetch(_ request: URLRequest, viaFile: Bool = false, progress: Progress? = nil) async throws -> (AsyncThrowingChannel<Data, Error>, HTTPURLResponse) {
+    let delegate = progress != nil ? try DownloadDelegate(progress!) : nil
+
+    if viaFile {
+      return try await fetchViaFile(request, delegate: delegate)
+    }
+
+    return try await fetchViaMemory(request, delegate: delegate)
+  }
+
+  private static func fetchViaMemory(_ request: URLRequest, delegate: URLSessionTaskDelegate? = nil) async throws -> (AsyncThrowingChannel<Data, Error>, HTTPURLResponse) {
    let dataCh = AsyncThrowingChannel<Data, Error>()

-    let (data, response) = try await urlSession.data(for: request)
+    let (data, response) = try await urlSession.data(for: request, delegate: delegate)

    Task {
      await dataCh.send(data)
@@ -26,21 +39,21 @@ class Fetcher {
    return (dataCh, response as! HTTPURLResponse)
  }

-  private static func fetchViaFile(_ request: URLRequest) async throws -> (AsyncThrowingChannel<Data, Error>, HTTPURLResponse) {
+  private static func fetchViaFile(_ request: URLRequest, delegate: URLSessionTaskDelegate? = nil) async throws -> (AsyncThrowingChannel<Data, Error>, HTTPURLResponse) {
    let dataCh = AsyncThrowingChannel<Data, Error>()

-    let (fileURL, response) = try await urlSession.download(for: request)
+    let (fileURL, response) = try await urlSession.download(for: request, delegate: delegate)

    // Acquire a handle to the downloaded file and then remove it.
    //
    // This keeps a working reference to that file, yet we don't
    // have to deal with the cleanup any more.
-    let fh = try FileHandle(forReadingFrom: fileURL)
+    let mappedFile = try Data(contentsOf: fileURL, options: [.alwaysMapped])
    try FileManager.default.removeItem(at: fileURL)

    Task {
-      while let data = try fh.read(upToCount: 64 * 1024 * 1024) {
-        await dataCh.send(data)
+      for chunk in (0 ..< mappedFile.count).chunks(ofCount: 64 * 1024 * 1024) {
+        await dataCh.send(mappedFile.subdata(in: chunk))
      }

      dataCh.finish()
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+import Foundation
+
+struct LocalLayerCache {
+  struct DigestInfo {
+    let range: Range<Data.Index>
+    let compressedDigest: String
+    let uncompressedContentDigest: String?
+  }
+
+  let name: String
+  let deduplicatedBytes: UInt64
+  let diskURL: URL
+
+  private let mappedDisk: Data
+  private var digestToRange: [String: DigestInfo] = [:]
+  private var offsetToRange: [UInt64: DigestInfo] = [:]
+
+  init?(_ name: String, _ deduplicatedBytes: UInt64, _ diskURL: URL, _ manifest: OCIManifest) throws {
+    self.name = name
+    self.deduplicatedBytes = deduplicatedBytes
+    self.diskURL = diskURL
+
+    // mmap(2) the disk that contains the layers from the manifest
+    self.mappedDisk = try Data(contentsOf: diskURL, options: [.alwaysMapped])
+
+    // Record the ranges of the disk layers listed in the manifest
+    var offset: UInt64 = 0
+
+    for layer in manifest.layers.filter({ $0.mediaType == diskV2MediaType }) {
+      guard let uncompressedSize = layer.uncompressedSize() else {
+        return nil
+      }
+
+      let info = DigestInfo(
+        range: Int(offset)..<Int(offset + uncompressedSize),
+        compressedDigest: layer.digest,
+        uncompressedContentDigest: layer.uncompressedContentDigest()!
+      )
+      self.digestToRange[layer.digest] = info
+      self.offsetToRange[offset] = info
+
+      offset += uncompressedSize
+    }
+  }
+
+  func findInfo(digest: String, offsetHint: UInt64) -> DigestInfo? {
+    // Layers can have the same digests, for example, empty ones. Let's use the offset hint to make a better guess.
+    if let info = self.offsetToRange[offsetHint], info.compressedDigest == digest {
+      return info
+    }
+    return self.digestToRange[digest]
+  }
+
+  func subdata(_ range: Range<Data.Index>) -> Data {
+    return self.mappedDisk.subdata(in: range)
+  }
+}
@@ -1,13 +1,17 @@
+import Foundation
 import Network
+import SwiftRadix

 struct Lease {
  var mac: MACAddress
  var ip: IPv4Address
+  var expiresAt: Date

  init?(fromRawLease: [String : String]) {
    // Retrieve the required fields
    guard let hwAddress = fromRawLease["hw_address"] else { return nil }
    guard let ipAddress = fromRawLease["ip_address"] else { return nil }
+    guard let lease = fromRawLease["lease"] else { return nil }

    // Parse MAC address
    let hwAddressSplits = hwAddress.split(separator: ",")
@@ -26,7 +30,13 @@ struct Lease {
      return nil
    }

+    // Parse expiration timestamp
+    guard let leaseTimestamp = lease.hex?.value else {
+      return nil
+    }
+
    self.ip = ip
    self.mac = mac
+    self.expiresAt = Date(timeIntervalSince1970: TimeInterval(leaseTimestamp))
  }
 }
@@ -37,13 +37,18 @@ class Leases {
  }

  init(_ fromString: String) throws {
-    var leases: [MACAddress : Lease] = Dictionary()
+    let leases = try Self.retrieveRawLeases(fromString).compactMap({ rawLease in
+      Lease(fromRawLease: rawLease)
+    }).filter({ lease in
+      lease.expiresAt.isInFuture
+    }).map({ lease in
+      (lease.mac, lease)
+    })

-    for lease in try Self.retrieveRawLeases(fromString).compactMap({ Lease(fromRawLease: $0) }) {
-      leases[lease.mac] = lease
+    self.leases = Dictionary(leases) { (left, right) in
+      // When duplicate lease is found, prefer a newer lease over the older one
+      (left.expiresAt > right.expiresAt) ? left : right
    }
-
-    self.leases = leases
  }

  /// Parse leases from the host cache similarly to the PLCache_read() function found in Apple's Open Source releases.
@@ -107,7 +112,7 @@ class Leases {
    return rawLeases
  }

-  func ResolveMACAddress(macAddress: MACAddress) throws -> IPv4Address? {
+  func ResolveMACAddress(macAddress: MACAddress) -> IPv4Address? {
    leases[macAddress]?.ip
  }
 }
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 import Virtualization
+import Semaphore

 protocol Network {
  func attachments() -> [VZNetworkDeviceAttachment]
-  func run(_ sema: DispatchSemaphore) throws
+  func run(_ sema: AsyncSemaphore) throws
  func stop() async throws
 }
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import Foundation
+import Semaphore
 import Virtualization

 class NetworkBridged: Network {
@@ -12,7 +13,7 @@ class NetworkBridged: Network {
    interfaces.map { VZBridgedNetworkDeviceAttachment(interface: $0) }
  }

-  func run(_ sema: DispatchSemaphore) throws {
+  func run(_ sema: AsyncSemaphore) throws {
    // no-op, only used for Softnet
  }

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import Foundation
+import Semaphore
 import Virtualization

 class NetworkShared: Network {
@@ -6,7 +7,7 @@ class NetworkShared: Network {
    [VZNATNetworkDeviceAttachment()]
  }

-  func run(_ sema: DispatchSemaphore) throws {
+  func run(_ sema: AsyncSemaphore) throws {
    // no-op, only used for Softnet
  }

@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
-import Foundation
-import Virtualization
 import Atomics
+import Foundation
+import Semaphore
 import System
+import Virtualization

 enum SoftnetError: Error {
  case InitializationFailed(why: String)
@@ -15,7 +16,7 @@ class Softnet: Network {

  let vmFD: Int32

-  init(vmMACAddress: String) throws {
+  init(vmMACAddress: String, extraArguments: [String] = []) throws {
    let fds = UnsafeMutablePointer<Int32>.allocate(capacity: MemoryLayout<Int>.stride * 2)

    let ret = socketpair(AF_UNIX, SOCK_DGRAM, 0, fds)
@@ -30,7 +31,7 @@ class Softnet: Network {
    try setSocketBuffers(softnetFD, 1 * 1024 * 1024);

    process.executableURL = try Self.softnetExecutableURL()
-    process.arguments = ["--vm-fd", String(STDIN_FILENO), "--vm-mac-address", vmMACAddress]
+    process.arguments = ["--vm-fd", String(STDIN_FILENO), "--vm-mac-address", vmMACAddress] + extraArguments
    process.standardInput = FileHandle(fileDescriptor: softnetFD, closeOnDealloc: false)
  }

@@ -44,7 +45,7 @@ class Softnet: Network {
    return executableURL
  }

-  func run(_ sema: DispatchSemaphore) throws {
+  func run(_ sema: AsyncSemaphore) throws {
    try process.run()

    monitorTask = Task {
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+import Foundation
+
+actor AuthenticationKeeper {
+  var authentication: Authentication? = nil
+
+  func set(_ authentication: Authentication) {
+    self.authentication = authentication
+  }
+
+  func header() -> (String, String)? {
+    if let authentication = authentication {
+      // Do not suggest any headers if the
+      // authentication token has expired
+      if !authentication.isValid() {
+        return nil
+      }
+
+      return authentication.header()
+    }
+
+    // Do not suggest any headers if the
+    // authentication token is not set
+    return nil
+  }
+}
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import Foundation

 protocol Disk {
-  static func push(diskURL: URL, registry: Registry, chunkSizeMb: Int, progress: Progress) async throws -> [OCIManifestLayer]
-  static func pull(registry: Registry, diskLayers: [OCIManifestLayer], diskURL: URL, concurrency: UInt, progress: Progress) async throws
+  static func push(diskURL: URL, registry: Registry, chunkSizeMb: Int, concurrency: UInt, progress: Progress) async throws -> [OCIManifestLayer]
+  static func pull(registry: Registry, diskLayers: [OCIManifestLayer], diskURL: URL, concurrency: UInt, progress: Progress, localLayerCache: LocalLayerCache?) async throws
 }
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ class DiskV1: Disk {
  private static let bufferSizeBytes = 4 * 1024 * 1024
  private static let layerLimitBytes = 500 * 1000 * 1000

-  static func push(diskURL: URL, registry: Registry, chunkSizeMb: Int, progress: Progress) async throws -> [OCIManifestLayer] {
+  static func push(diskURL: URL, registry: Registry, chunkSizeMb: Int, concurrency: UInt, progress: Progress) async throws -> [OCIManifestLayer] {
    var pushedLayers: [OCIManifestLayer] = []

    // Open the disk file
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ class DiskV1: Disk {
    return pushedLayers
  }

-  static func pull(registry: Registry, diskLayers: [OCIManifestLayer], diskURL: URL, concurrency: UInt, progress: Progress) async throws {
+  static func pull(registry: Registry, diskLayers: [OCIManifestLayer], diskURL: URL, concurrency: UInt, progress: Progress, localLayerCache: LocalLayerCache? = nil) async throws {
    if !FileManager.default.createFile(atPath: diskURL.path, contents: nil) {
      throw OCIError.FailedToCreateVmFile
    }
@@ -1,43 +1,89 @@
 import Foundation
 import Compression
+import System
+import Retry

 class DiskV2: Disk {
  private static let bufferSizeBytes = 4 * 1024 * 1024
-  private static let layerLimitBytes = 500 * 1000 * 1000
+  private static let layerLimitBytes = 512 * 1024 * 1024

-  static func push(diskURL: URL, registry: Registry, chunkSizeMb: Int, progress: Progress) async throws -> [OCIManifestLayer] {
-    var pushedLayers: [OCIManifestLayer] = []
+  static func push(diskURL: URL, registry: Registry, chunkSizeMb: Int, concurrency: UInt, progress: Progress) async throws -> [OCIManifestLayer] {
+    var pushedLayers: [(index: Int, pushedLayer: OCIManifestLayer)] = []

    // Open the disk file
-    let disk = try FileHandle(forReadingFrom: diskURL)
+    let mappedDisk = try Data(contentsOf: diskURL, options: [.alwaysMapped])

    // Compress the disk file as multiple individually decompressible streams,
-    // each equal ``Self.layerLimitBytes`` bytes or slightly larger due to the
-    // internal compressor's buffer
-    while let (compressedData, uncompressedSize, uncompressedDigest) = try compressNextLayerOfLimitBytesOrMore(disk: disk) {
-      let layerDigest = try await registry.pushBlob(fromData: compressedData, chunkSizeMb: chunkSizeMb)
+    // each equal ``Self.layerLimitBytes`` bytes or less due to LZ4 compression
+    try await withThrowingTaskGroup(of: (Int, OCIManifestLayer).self) { group in
+      for (index, data) in mappedDisk.chunks(ofCount: layerLimitBytes).enumerated() {
+        // Respect the concurrency limit
+        if index >= concurrency {
+          if let (index, pushedLayer) = try await group.next() {
+            pushedLayers.append((index, pushedLayer))
+          }
+        }

-      pushedLayers.append(OCIManifestLayer(
-        mediaType: diskV2MediaType,
-        size: compressedData.count,
-        digest: layerDigest,
-        uncompressedSize: uncompressedSize,
-        uncompressedContentDigest: uncompressedDigest
-      ))
+        // Launch a disk layer pushing task
+        group.addTask {
+          let compressedData = try (data as NSData).compressed(using: .lz4) as Data
+          let compressedDataDigest = Digest.hash(compressedData)

-      // Update progress using a relative value
-      progress.completedUnitCount += Int64(uncompressedSize)
+          try await retry(maxAttempts: 5, backoff: .exponentialWithFullJitter(baseDelay: .seconds(5), maxDelay: .seconds(60))) {
+            if try await !registry.blobExists(compressedDataDigest) {
+              _ = try await registry.pushBlob(fromData: compressedData, chunkSizeMb: chunkSizeMb, digest: compressedDataDigest)
+            }
+          } recoverFromFailure: { error in
+            if error is URLError {
+              print("Error: \(error.localizedDescription)")
+              print("Attempting to re-try...")
+
+              return .retry
+            }
+
+            return .throw
+          }
+
+          // Update progress using a relative value
+          progress.completedUnitCount += Int64(data.count)
+
+          return (index, OCIManifestLayer(
+            mediaType: diskV2MediaType,
+            size: compressedData.count,
+            digest: compressedDataDigest,
+            uncompressedSize: UInt64(data.count),
+            uncompressedContentDigest: Digest.hash(data)
+          ))
+        }
+      }
+
+      for try await pushedLayer in group {
+        pushedLayers.append(pushedLayer)
+      }
    }

-    return pushedLayers
+    return pushedLayers.sorted {
+      $0.index < $1.index
+    }.map {
+      $0.pushedLayer
+    }
  }

-  static func pull(registry: Registry, diskLayers: [OCIManifestLayer], diskURL: URL, concurrency: UInt, progress: Progress) async throws {
+  static func pull(registry: Registry, diskLayers: [OCIManifestLayer], diskURL: URL, concurrency: UInt, progress: Progress, localLayerCache: LocalLayerCache? = nil) async throws {
    // Support resumable pulls
    let pullResumed = FileManager.default.fileExists(atPath: diskURL.path)

-    if !pullResumed && !FileManager.default.createFile(atPath: diskURL.path, contents: nil) {
-      throw OCIError.FailedToCreateVmFile
+    if !pullResumed {
+      if let localLayerCache = localLayerCache {
+        // Clone the local layer cache's disk and use it as a base, potentially
+        // reducing the space usage since some blocks won't be written at all
+        try FileManager.default.copyItem(at: localLayerCache.diskURL, to: diskURL)
+      } else {
+        // Otherwise create an empty disk
+        if !FileManager.default.createFile(atPath: diskURL.path, contents: nil) {
+          throw OCIError.FailedToCreateVmFile
+        }
+      }
    }

    // Calculate the uncompressed disk size
@@ -57,6 +103,15 @@ class DiskV2: Disk {
    try disk.truncate(atOffset: uncompressedDiskSize)
    try disk.close()

+    // Determine the file system block size
+    var st = stat()
+    if stat(diskURL.path, &st) == -1 {
+      let details = Errno(rawValue: errno)
+
+      throw RuntimeError.PullFailed("failed to stat(2) disk \(diskURL.path): \(details)")
+    }
+    let fsBlockSize = UInt64(st.st_blksize)
+
    // Concurrently fetch and decompress layers
    try await withThrowingTaskGroup(of: Void.self) { group in
      var globalDiskWritingOffset: UInt64 = 0
@@ -81,22 +136,56 @@ class DiskV2: Disk {
        // Launch a fetching and decompression task
        group.addTask {
          // No need to fetch and decompress anything if we've already done so
-          if try pullResumed && Digest.hash(diskURL, offset: diskWritingOffset, size: uncompressedLayerSize) == uncompressedLayerContentDigest {
+          if pullResumed {
+            // do not check hash in the condition above to make it lazy e.g. only do expensive calculations if needed
+            if try Digest.hash(diskURL, offset: diskWritingOffset, size: uncompressedLayerSize) == uncompressedLayerContentDigest {
+              // Update the progress
+              progress.completedUnitCount += Int64(diskLayer.size)
+
+              return
+            }
+          }
+
+          // Open the disk file for writing
+          let disk = try FileHandle(forWritingTo: diskURL)
+
+          // Also open the disk file for reading and verifying
+          // its contents in case the local layer cache is used
+          let rdisk: FileHandle? = if localLayerCache != nil {
+            try FileHandle(forReadingFrom: diskURL)
+          } else {
+            nil
+          }
+
+          // Check if we already have this layer contents in the local layer cache
+          if let localLayerCache = localLayerCache, let localLayerInfo = localLayerCache.findInfo(digest: diskLayer.digest, offsetHint: diskWritingOffset) {
+            // indicates that the locally cloned disk image has the same content at the given offset
+            let localHit = localLayerInfo.uncompressedContentDigest == uncompressedLayerContentDigest
+              && localLayerInfo.range.lowerBound == diskWritingOffset
+            // doesn't seem that localHit can ever be false if the localLayerCache is not nil
+            // but let's just add extra safety here and check it
+            if !localHit {
+              // Fulfil the layer contents from the local blob cache
+              let data = localLayerCache.subdata(localLayerInfo.range)
+              _ = try zeroSkippingWrite(disk, rdisk, fsBlockSize, diskWritingOffset, data)
+            }
+            try disk.close()
+
            // Update the progress
            progress.completedUnitCount += Int64(diskLayer.size)

            return
          }

-          // Open the disk file at the specific offset
-          let disk = try FileHandle(forWritingTo: diskURL)
-          try disk.seek(toOffset: diskWritingOffset)
+          var diskWritingOffset = diskWritingOffset

          // Pull and decompress a single layer into the specific offset on disk
          let filter = try OutputFilter(.decompress, using: .lz4, bufferCapacity: Self.bufferSizeBytes) { data in
-            if let data = data {
-              disk.write(data)
+            guard let data = data else {
+              return
            }
+
+            diskWritingOffset = try zeroSkippingWrite(disk, rdisk, fsBlockSize, diskWritingOffset, data)
          }

          try await registry.pullBlob(diskLayer.digest) { data in
@@ -106,6 +195,8 @@ class DiskV2: Disk {
            progress.completedUnitCount += Int64(data.count)
          }

+          try filter.finalize()
+
          try disk.close()
        }

@@ -114,39 +205,66 @@ class DiskV2: Disk {
    }
  }

-  private static func compressNextLayerOfLimitBytesOrMore(disk: FileHandle) throws -> (Data, UInt64, String)? {
-    var compressedData = Data()
-    var bytesRead: UInt64 = 0
-    let digest = Digest()
+  private static func zeroSkippingWrite(_ disk: FileHandle, _ rdisk: FileHandle?, _ fsBlockSize: UInt64, _ offset: UInt64, _ data: Data) throws -> UInt64 {
+    let holeGranularityBytes = 64 * 1024

-    // Create a compressing filter that we will terminate upon
-    // reaching ``Self.layerLimitBytes`` of compressed data
-    let compressingFilter = try InputFilter(.compress, using: .lz4, bufferCapacity: bufferSizeBytes) { (length: Int) -> Data? in
-      if compressedData.count >= Self.layerLimitBytes {
-        return nil
+    // A zero chunk for faster than byte-by-byte comparisons
+    //
+    // Assumes that the other Data(...) is equal in size, but it's fine to get a false-negative
+    // on the last block since it costs only 64 KiB of excess data per 500 MB layer.
+    //
+    // Some simple benchmarks ("sync && sudo purge" command was used to negate the disk caching effects):
+    // +--------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
+    // | Operation                            | time(1) result                                    |
+    // +--------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
+    // | Data(...) == zeroChunk               | 2.16s user 11.71s system 73% cpu 18.928 total     |
+    // | Data(...).contains(where: {$0 != 0}) | 603.68s user 12.97s system 99% cpu 10:22.85 total |
+    // +--------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
+    let zeroChunk = Data(count: holeGranularityBytes)
+
+    var offset = offset
+
+    for chunk in data.chunks(ofCount: holeGranularityBytes) {
+      // If the local layer cache is used, only write chunks that differ
+      // since the base disk can contain anything at any position
+      if let rdisk = rdisk {
+        // F_PUNCHHOLE requires the holes to be aligned to file system block boundaries
+        let isHoleAligned = (offset % fsBlockSize) == 0 && (UInt64(chunk.count) % fsBlockSize) == 0
+
+        if isHoleAligned && chunk == zeroChunk {
+          var arg = fpunchhole_t(fp_flags: 0, reserved: 0, fp_offset: off_t(offset), fp_length: off_t(chunk.count))
+
+          if fcntl(disk.fileDescriptor, F_PUNCHHOLE, &arg) == -1 {
+            let details = Errno(rawValue: errno)
+
+            throw RuntimeError.PullFailed("failed to punch hole: \(details)")
+          }
+        } else {
+          try rdisk.seek(toOffset: offset)
+          let actualContentsOnDisk = try rdisk.read(upToCount: chunk.count)
+
+          if chunk != actualContentsOnDisk {
+            try disk.seek(toOffset: offset)
+            disk.write(chunk)
+          }
+        }
+
+        offset += UInt64(chunk.count)
+
+        continue
      }

-      guard let uncompressedChunk = try disk.read(upToCount: bufferSizeBytes) else {
-        return nil
+      // Otherwise, only write chunks that are not zero
+      // since the base disk is created from scratch and
+      // is zeroed via truncate(2)
+      if chunk != zeroChunk {
+        try disk.seek(toOffset: offset)
+        disk.write(chunk)
      }

-      bytesRead += UInt64(uncompressedChunk.count)
-      digest.update(uncompressedChunk)
-
-      return uncompressedChunk
+      offset += UInt64(chunk.count)
    }

-    // Retrieve compressed data chunks, but normally no more than ``Self.layerLimitBytes`` bytes
-    while let compressedChunk = try compressingFilter.readData(ofLength: Self.bufferSizeBytes) {
-      compressedData.append(compressedChunk)
-    }
-
-    // Nothing was read this time from the disk,
-    // signal that to the consumer
-    if bytesRead == 0 {
-      return nil
-    }
-
-    return (compressedData, bytesRead, digest.finalize())
+    return offset
  }
 }
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ struct OCIManifestConfig: Codable, Equatable {
  var digest: String
 }

-struct OCIManifestLayer: Codable, Equatable {
+struct OCIManifestLayer: Codable, Equatable, Hashable {
  var mediaType: String
  var size: Int
  var digest: String
@@ -113,6 +113,14 @@ struct OCIManifestLayer: Codable, Equatable {
  func uncompressedContentDigest() -> String? {
    annotations?[uncompressedContentDigestAnnotation]
  }
+
+  static func == (lhs: Self, rhs: Self) -> Bool {
+    return lhs.digest == rhs.digest
+  }
+
+  func hash(into hasher: inout Hasher) {
+    hasher.combine(digest)
+  }
 }

 struct Descriptor: Equatable {
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ enum RegistryError: Error {
 }

 enum HTTPMethod: String {
+  case HEAD = "HEAD"
  case GET = "GET"
  case POST = "POST"
  case PUT = "PUT"
@@ -21,6 +22,7 @@ enum HTTPCode: Int {
  case Created = 201
  case Accepted = 202
  case Unauthorized = 401
+  case NotFound = 404
 }

 extension Data {
@@ -42,9 +44,6 @@ extension AsyncThrowingChannel<Data, Error> {
 }

 struct TokenResponse: Decodable, Authentication {
-  let defaultIssuedAt = Date()
-  let defaultExpiresIn = 60
-
  var token: String?
  var accessToken: String?
  var expiresIn: Int?
@@ -66,7 +65,8 @@ struct TokenResponse: Decodable, Authentication {
      return dateFormatter.date(from: dateString) ?? Date()
    }

-    let response = try decoder.decode(TokenResponse.self, from: fromData)
+    var response = try decoder.decode(TokenResponse.self, from: fromData)
+    response.issuedAt = response.issuedAt ?? Date()

    guard response.token != nil || response.accessToken != nil else {
      throw DecodingError.keyNotFound(CodingKeys.token, .init(codingPath: [], debugDescription: "Missing token or access_token. One must be present."))
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ struct TokenResponse: Decodable, Authentication {
      //
      // [1]: https://docs.docker.com/registry/spec/auth/token/#requesting-a-token

-      (issuedAt ?? defaultIssuedAt) + TimeInterval(expiresIn ?? defaultExpiresIn)
+      (issuedAt ?? Date()) + TimeInterval(expiresIn ?? 60)
    }
  }

@@ -102,8 +102,7 @@ class Registry {
  private let baseURL: URL
  let namespace: String
  let credentialsProviders: [CredentialsProvider]
-
-  var currentAuthToken: Authentication? = nil
+  let authenticationKeeper = AuthenticationKeeper()

  var host: String? {
    guard let host = baseURL.host else { return nil }
@@ -115,11 +114,11 @@ class Registry {
    return host
  }

-  init(urlComponents: URLComponents,
+  init(baseURL: URL,
       namespace: String,
       credentialsProviders: [CredentialsProvider] = [EnvironmentCredentialsProvider(), DockerConfigCredentialsProvider(), KeychainCredentialsProvider()]
  ) throws {
-    baseURL = urlComponents.url!
+    self.baseURL = baseURL
    self.namespace = namespace
    self.credentialsProviders = credentialsProviders
  }
@@ -133,7 +132,17 @@ class Registry {
    let proto = insecure ? "http" : "https"
    let baseURLComponents = URLComponents(string: proto + "://" + host + "/v2/")!

-    try self.init(urlComponents: baseURLComponents, namespace: namespace, credentialsProviders: credentialsProviders)
+    guard let baseURL = baseURLComponents.url else {
+      var hint = ""
+
+      if host.hasPrefix("http://") || host.hasPrefix("https://") {
+        hint += ", make sure that it doesn't start with http:// or https://"
+      }
+
+      throw RuntimeError.ImproperlyFormattedHost(host, hint)
+    }
+
+    try self.init(baseURL: baseURL, namespace: namespace, credentialsProviders: credentialsProviders)
  }

  func ping() async throws {
@@ -182,7 +191,7 @@ class Registry {
    return URLComponents(url: uploadLocation.absolutize(baseURL), resolvingAgainstBaseURL: true)!
  }

-  public func pushBlob(fromData: Data, chunkSizeMb: Int = 0) async throws -> String {
+  public func pushBlob(fromData: Data, chunkSizeMb: Int = 0, digest: String? = nil) async throws -> String {
    // Initiate a blob upload
    let (data, postResponse) = try await dataRequest(.POST, endpointURL("\(namespace)/blobs/uploads/"),
                                                     headers: ["Content-Length": "0"])
@@ -194,7 +203,7 @@ class Registry {
    // Figure out where to upload the blob
    var uploadLocation = try uploadLocationFromResponse(postResponse)

-    let digest = Digest.hash(fromData)
+    let digest = digest ?? Digest.hash(fromData)

    if chunkSizeMb == 0 {
      // monolithic upload
@@ -242,6 +251,19 @@ class Registry {
    return digest
  }

+  public func blobExists(_ digest: String) async throws -> Bool {
+    let (data, response) = try await dataRequest(.HEAD, endpointURL("\(namespace)/blobs/\(digest)"))
+
+    switch response.statusCode {
+    case HTTPCode.Ok.rawValue:
+      return true
+    case HTTPCode.NotFound.rawValue:
+      return false
+    default:
+      throw RegistryError.UnexpectedHTTPStatusCode(when: "checking blob", code: response.statusCode, details: data.asText())
+    }
+  }
+
  public func pullBlob(_ digest: String, handler: (Data) async throws -> Void) async throws {
    let (channel, response) = try await channelRequest(.GET, endpointURL("\(namespace)/blobs/\(digest)"), viaFile: true)
    if response.statusCode != HTTPCode.Ok.rawValue {
@@ -253,7 +275,7 @@ class Registry {
    for try await part in channel {
      try Task.checkCancellation()

-      try await handler(Data(part))
+      try await handler(part)
    }
  }

@@ -305,11 +327,6 @@ class Registry {
      request.httpBody = body
    }

-    // Invalidate token if it has expired
-    if currentAuthToken?.isValid() == false {
-      currentAuthToken = nil
-    }
-
    var (channel, response) = try await authAwareRequest(request: request, viaFile: viaFile)

    if doAuth && response.statusCode == HTTPCode.Unauthorized.rawValue {
@@ -331,7 +348,7 @@ class Registry {

    if wwwAuthenticate.scheme.lowercased() == "basic" {
      if let (user, password) = try lookupCredentials() {
-        currentAuthToken = BasicAuthentication(user: user, password: password)
+        await authenticationKeeper.set(BasicAuthentication(user: user, password: password))
      }

      return
@@ -378,7 +395,7 @@ class Registry {
        + "while retrieving an authentication token", details: data.asText())
    }

-    currentAuthToken = try TokenResponse.parse(fromData: data)
+    await authenticationKeeper.set(try TokenResponse.parse(fromData: data))
  }

  private func lookupCredentials() throws -> (String, String)? {
@@ -399,8 +416,7 @@ class Registry {
  private func authAwareRequest(request: URLRequest, viaFile: Bool = false) async throws -> (AsyncThrowingChannel<Data, Error>, HTTPURLResponse) {
    var request = request

-    if let token = currentAuthToken {
-      let (name, value) = token.header()
+    if let (name, value) = await authenticationKeeper.header() {
      request.addValue(value, forHTTPHeaderField: name)
    }

@@ -6,127 +6,131 @@ struct UnsupportedHostOSError: Error, CustomStringConvertible {
  }
 }

-struct Darwin: PlatformSuspendable {
-  var ecid: VZMacMachineIdentifier
-  var hardwareModel: VZMacHardwareModel
+#if arch(arm64)

-  init(ecid: VZMacMachineIdentifier, hardwareModel: VZMacHardwareModel) {
-    self.ecid = ecid
-    self.hardwareModel = hardwareModel
-  }
+  struct Darwin: PlatformSuspendable {
+    var ecid: VZMacMachineIdentifier
+    var hardwareModel: VZMacHardwareModel

-  init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
-    let container = try decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
-
-    let encodedECID = try container.decode(String.self, forKey: .ecid)
-    guard let data = Data.init(base64Encoded: encodedECID) else {
-      throw DecodingError.dataCorruptedError(forKey: .ecid,
-                                             in: container,
-                                             debugDescription: "failed to initialize Data using the provided value")
-    }
-    guard let ecid = VZMacMachineIdentifier.init(dataRepresentation: data) else {
-      throw DecodingError.dataCorruptedError(forKey: .ecid,
-                                             in: container,
-                                             debugDescription: "failed to initialize VZMacMachineIdentifier using the provided value")
-    }
-    self.ecid = ecid
-
-    let encodedHardwareModel = try container.decode(String.self, forKey: .hardwareModel)
-    guard let data = Data.init(base64Encoded: encodedHardwareModel) else {
-      throw DecodingError.dataCorruptedError(forKey: .hardwareModel, in: container, debugDescription: "")
-    }
-    guard let hardwareModel = VZMacHardwareModel.init(dataRepresentation: data) else {
-      throw DecodingError.dataCorruptedError(forKey: .hardwareModel, in: container, debugDescription: "")
-    }
-    self.hardwareModel = hardwareModel
-  }
-
-  func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws {
-    var container = encoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
-
-    try container.encode(ecid.dataRepresentation.base64EncodedString(), forKey: .ecid)
-    try container.encode(hardwareModel.dataRepresentation.base64EncodedString(), forKey: .hardwareModel)
-  }
-
-  func os() -> OS {
-    .darwin
-  }
-
-  func bootLoader(nvramURL: URL) throws -> VZBootLoader {
-    VZMacOSBootLoader()
-  }
-
-  func platform(nvramURL: URL) throws -> VZPlatformConfiguration {
-    let result = VZMacPlatformConfiguration()
-
-    result.machineIdentifier = ecid
-    result.auxiliaryStorage = VZMacAuxiliaryStorage(contentsOf: nvramURL)
-
-    if !hardwareModel.isSupported {
-      // At the moment support of M1 chip is not yet dropped in any macOS version
-      // This mean that host software is not supporting this hardware model and should be updated
-      throw UnsupportedHostOSError()
+    init(ecid: VZMacMachineIdentifier, hardwareModel: VZMacHardwareModel) {
+      self.ecid = ecid
+      self.hardwareModel = hardwareModel
    }

-    result.hardwareModel = hardwareModel
+    init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
+      let container = try decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)

-    return result
-  }
+      let encodedECID = try container.decode(String.self, forKey: .ecid)
+      guard let data = Data.init(base64Encoded: encodedECID) else {
+        throw DecodingError.dataCorruptedError(forKey: .ecid,
+                                               in: container,
+                                               debugDescription: "failed to initialize Data using the provided value")
+      }
+      guard let ecid = VZMacMachineIdentifier.init(dataRepresentation: data) else {
+        throw DecodingError.dataCorruptedError(forKey: .ecid,
+                                               in: container,
+                                               debugDescription: "failed to initialize VZMacMachineIdentifier using the provided value")
+      }
+      self.ecid = ecid

-  func graphicsDevice(vmConfig: VMConfig) -> VZGraphicsDeviceConfiguration {
-    let result = VZMacGraphicsDeviceConfiguration()
+      let encodedHardwareModel = try container.decode(String.self, forKey: .hardwareModel)
+      guard let data = Data.init(base64Encoded: encodedHardwareModel) else {
+        throw DecodingError.dataCorruptedError(forKey: .hardwareModel, in: container, debugDescription: "")
+      }
+      guard let hardwareModel = VZMacHardwareModel.init(dataRepresentation: data) else {
+        throw DecodingError.dataCorruptedError(forKey: .hardwareModel, in: container, debugDescription: "")
+      }
+      self.hardwareModel = hardwareModel
+    }
+
+    func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws {
+      var container = encoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
+
+      try container.encode(ecid.dataRepresentation.base64EncodedString(), forKey: .ecid)
+      try container.encode(hardwareModel.dataRepresentation.base64EncodedString(), forKey: .hardwareModel)
+    }
+
+    func os() -> OS {
+      .darwin
+    }
+
+    func bootLoader(nvramURL: URL) throws -> VZBootLoader {
+      VZMacOSBootLoader()
+    }
+
+    func platform(nvramURL: URL) throws -> VZPlatformConfiguration {
+      let result = VZMacPlatformConfiguration()
+
+      result.machineIdentifier = ecid
+      result.auxiliaryStorage = VZMacAuxiliaryStorage(url: nvramURL)
+
+      if !hardwareModel.isSupported {
+        // At the moment support of M1 chip is not yet dropped in any macOS version
+        // This mean that host software is not supporting this hardware model and should be updated
+        throw UnsupportedHostOSError()
+      }
+
+      result.hardwareModel = hardwareModel
+
+      return result
+    }
+
+    func graphicsDevice(vmConfig: VMConfig) -> VZGraphicsDeviceConfiguration {
+      let result = VZMacGraphicsDeviceConfiguration()
+
+      if let hostMainScreen = NSScreen.main {
+        let vmScreenSize = NSSize(width: vmConfig.display.width, height: vmConfig.display.height)
+        result.displays = [
+          VZMacGraphicsDisplayConfiguration(for: hostMainScreen, sizeInPoints: vmScreenSize)
+        ]
+
+        return result
+      }

-    if let hostMainScreen = NSScreen.main {
-      let vmScreenSize = NSSize(width: vmConfig.display.width, height: vmConfig.display.height)
      result.displays = [
-        VZMacGraphicsDisplayConfiguration(for: hostMainScreen, sizeInPoints: vmScreenSize)
+        VZMacGraphicsDisplayConfiguration(
+          widthInPixels: vmConfig.display.width,
+          heightInPixels: vmConfig.display.height,
+          // A reasonable guess according to Apple's documentation[1]
+          // [1]: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/coregraphics/1456599-cgdisplayscreensize
+          pixelsPerInch: 72
+        )
      ]

      return result
    }

-    result.displays = [
-      VZMacGraphicsDisplayConfiguration(
-        widthInPixels: vmConfig.display.width,
-        heightInPixels: vmConfig.display.height,
-        // A reasonable guess according to Apple's documentation[1]
-        // [1]: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/coregraphics/1456599-cgdisplayscreensize
-        pixelsPerInch: 72
-      )
-    ]
+    func keyboards() -> [VZKeyboardConfiguration] {
+      if #available(macOS 14, *) {
+        // Mac keyboard is only supported by guests starting with macOS Ventura
+        return [VZUSBKeyboardConfiguration(), VZMacKeyboardConfiguration()]
+      } else {
+        return [VZUSBKeyboardConfiguration()]
+      }
+    }

-    return result
-  }
+    func keyboardsSuspendable() -> [VZKeyboardConfiguration] {
+      if #available(macOS 14, *) {
+        return [VZMacKeyboardConfiguration()]
+      } else {
+        // fallback to the regular configuration
+        return keyboards()
+      }
+    }

-  func keyboards() -> [VZKeyboardConfiguration] {
-    if #available(macOS 14, *) {
-      // Mac keyboard is only supported by guests starting with macOS Ventura
-      return [VZMacKeyboardConfiguration(), VZUSBKeyboardConfiguration()]
-    } else {
-      return [VZUSBKeyboardConfiguration()]
+    func pointingDevices() -> [VZPointingDeviceConfiguration] {
+      // Trackpad is only supported by guests starting with macOS Ventura
+      [VZUSBScreenCoordinatePointingDeviceConfiguration(), VZMacTrackpadConfiguration()]
+    }
+
+    func pointingDevicesSuspendable() -> [VZPointingDeviceConfiguration] {
+      if #available(macOS 14, *) {
+        return [VZMacTrackpadConfiguration()]
+      } else {
+        // fallback to the regular configuration
+        return pointingDevices()
+      }
    }
  }

-  func keyboardsSuspendable() -> [VZKeyboardConfiguration] {
-    if #available(macOS 14, *) {
-      return [VZMacKeyboardConfiguration()]
-    } else {
-      // fallback to the regular configuration
-      return keyboards()
-    }
-  }
-
-  func pointingDevices() -> [VZPointingDeviceConfiguration] {
-    // Trackpad is only supported by guests starting with macOS Ventura
-    [VZMacTrackpadConfiguration(), VZUSBScreenCoordinatePointingDeviceConfiguration()]
-  }
-
-  func pointingDevicesSuspendable() -> [VZPointingDeviceConfiguration] {
-    if #available(macOS 14, *) {
-      return [VZMacTrackpadConfiguration()]
-    } else {
-      // fallback to the regular configuration
-      return pointingDevices()
-    }
-  }
-}
+#endif
@@ -8,5 +8,8 @@ protocol Prunable {
  var url: URL { get }
  func delete() throws
  func accessDate() throws -> Date
+  // size on disk as seen in Finder including empty blocks
  func sizeBytes() throws -> Int
+  // actual size on disk without empty blocks
+  func allocatedSizeBytes() throws -> Int
 }
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ struct Root: AsyncParsableCommand {
      Rename.self,
      Stop.self,
      Delete.self,
+      FQN.self,
    ])

  public static func main() async throws {
@@ -49,6 +50,10 @@ struct Root: AsyncParsableCommand {
    }
    defer { SentrySDK.flush(timeout: 2.seconds.timeInterval) }

+    SentrySDK.configureScope { scope in
+      scope.setExtra(value: ProcessInfo.processInfo.arguments, key: "Command-line arguments")
+    }
+
    // Enrich future events with Cirrus CI-specific tags
    if let tags = ProcessInfo.processInfo.environment["CIRRUS_SENTRY_TAGS"] {
      SentrySDK.configureScope { scope in
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+import Foundation
+
+fileprivate func normalizeName(_ name: String) -> String {
+  // Colons are misinterpreted by Zsh completion
+  return name.replacingOccurrences(of: ":", with: "\\:")
+}
+
+func completeMachines(_ arguments: [String]) -> [String] {
+  let localVMs = (try? VMStorageLocal().list().map { name, _ in
+    normalizeName(name)
+  }) ?? []
+  let ociVMs = (try? VMStorageOCI().list().map { name, _, _ in
+    normalizeName(name)
+  }) ?? []
+  return (localVMs + ociVMs)
+}
+
+func completeLocalMachines(_ arguments: [String]) -> [String] {
+  let localVMs = (try? VMStorageLocal().list()) ?? []
+  return localVMs.map { name, _ in normalizeName(name) }
+}
+
+func completeRunningMachines(_ arguments: [String]) -> [String] {
+  let localVMs = (try? VMStorageLocal().list()) ?? []
+  return localVMs
+    .filter { _, vmDir in (try? vmDir.state() == .Running) ?? false}
+    .map { name, _ in normalizeName(name) }
+}
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import Foundation
+import XAttr

 extension URL: Prunable {
  var url: URL {
@@ -9,7 +10,35 @@ extension URL: Prunable {
    try FileManager.default.removeItem(at: self)
  }

-  func sizeBytes() throws -> Int {
+  func allocatedSizeBytes() throws -> Int {
    try resourceValues(forKeys: [.totalFileAllocatedSizeKey]).totalFileAllocatedSize!
  }
+
+  func deduplicatedSizeBytes() throws -> Int {
+    let values = try resourceValues(forKeys: [.totalFileAllocatedSizeKey, .mayShareFileContentKey])
+    // make sure the file's origin file is there and duplication works
+    if values.mayShareFileContent == true {
+      return Int(deduplicatedBytes())
+    }
+    return 0
+  }
+
+  func sizeBytes() throws -> Int {
+    try resourceValues(forKeys: [.totalFileSizeKey]).totalFileSize!
+  }
+
+  func setDeduplicatedBytes(_ size: UInt64) {
+    let data = "\(size)".data(using: .utf8)!
+    try! self.setExtendedAttribute(name: "run.tart.deduplicated-bytes", value: data)
+  }
+
+  func deduplicatedBytes() -> UInt64 {
+    guard let data = try? self.extendedAttributeValue(forName: "run.tart.deduplicated-bytes") else {
+      return 0
+    }
+    if let strValue = String(data: data, encoding: .utf8) {
+      return UInt64(strValue) ?? 0
+    }
+    return 0
+  }
 }
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import Foundation
 import Virtualization
 import AsyncAlgorithms
+import Semaphore

 struct UnsupportedRestoreImageError: Error {
 }
@@ -30,7 +31,7 @@ class VM: NSObject, VZVirtualMachineDelegate, ObservableObject {
  var configuration: VZVirtualMachineConfiguration

  // Semaphore used to communicate with the VZVirtualMachineDelegate
-  var sema = DispatchSemaphore(value: 0)
+  var sema = AsyncSemaphore(value: 0)

  // VM's config
  var name: String
@@ -45,7 +46,10 @@ class VM: NSObject, VZVirtualMachineDelegate, ObservableObject {
       additionalStorageDevices: [VZStorageDeviceConfiguration] = [],
       directorySharingDevices: [VZDirectorySharingDeviceConfiguration] = [],
       serialPorts: [VZSerialPortConfiguration] = [],
-       suspendable: Bool = false
+       suspendable: Bool = false,
+       audio: Bool = true,
+       clipboard: Bool = true,
+       sync: VZDiskImageSynchronizationMode = .full
  ) throws {
    name = vmDir.name
    config = try VMConfig.init(fromURL: vmDir.configURL)
@@ -61,7 +65,10 @@ class VM: NSObject, VZVirtualMachineDelegate, ObservableObject {
                                                network: network, additionalStorageDevices: additionalStorageDevices,
                                                directorySharingDevices: directorySharingDevices,
                                                serialPorts: serialPorts,
-                                                suspendable: suspendable
+                                                suspendable: suspendable,
+                                                audio: audio,
+                                                clipboard: clipboard,
+                                                sync: sync
    )
    virtualMachine = VZVirtualMachine(configuration: configuration)

@@ -89,12 +96,17 @@ class VM: NSObject, VZVirtualMachineDelegate, ObservableObject {
    // Download the IPSW
    defaultLogger.appendNewLine("Fetching \(remoteURL.lastPathComponent)...")

-    let (channel, response) = try await Fetcher.fetch(URLRequest(url: remoteURL), viaFile: true)
+    let downloadProgress = Progress(totalUnitCount: 100)
+    ProgressObserver(downloadProgress).log(defaultLogger)

-    let progress = Progress(totalUnitCount: response.expectedContentLength)
-    ProgressObserver(progress).log(defaultLogger)
+    let request = URLRequest(url: remoteURL)
+    let (channel, response) = try await Fetcher.fetch(request, viaFile: true, progress: downloadProgress)

    let temporaryLocation = try Config().tartTmpDir.appendingPathComponent(UUID().uuidString + ".ipsw")
+    defaultLogger.appendNewLine("Computing digest for \(temporaryLocation.path)...")
+    let digestProgress = Progress(totalUnitCount: response.expectedContentLength)
+    ProgressObserver(digestProgress).log(defaultLogger)
+
    FileManager.default.createFile(atPath: temporaryLocation.path, contents: nil)
    let lock = try FileLock(lockURL: temporaryLocation)
    try lock.lock()
@@ -106,7 +118,7 @@ class VM: NSObject, VZVirtualMachineDelegate, ObservableObject {
      let chunkAsData = Data(chunk)
      fileHandle.write(chunkAsData)
      digest.update(chunkAsData)
-      progress.completedUnitCount += Int64(chunk.count)
+      digestProgress.completedUnitCount += Int64(chunk.count)
    }

    try fileHandle.close()
@@ -116,18 +128,6 @@ class VM: NSObject, VZVirtualMachineDelegate, ObservableObject {
    return try FileManager.default.replaceItemAt(finalLocation, withItemAt: temporaryLocation)!
  }

-  static func latestIPSWURL() async throws -> URL {
-    defaultLogger.appendNewLine("Looking up the latest supported IPSW...")
-
-    let image = try await withCheckedThrowingContinuation { continuation in
-      VZMacOSRestoreImage.fetchLatestSupported() { result in
-        continuation.resume(with: result)
-      }
-    }
-
-    return image.url
-  }
-
  var inFinalState: Bool {
    get {
      virtualMachine.state == VZVirtualMachine.State.stopped ||
@@ -137,82 +137,90 @@ class VM: NSObject, VZVirtualMachineDelegate, ObservableObject {
    }
  }

-  init(
-    vmDir: VMDirectory,
-    ipswURL: URL,
-    diskSizeGB: UInt16,
-    network: Network = NetworkShared(),
-    additionalStorageDevices: [VZStorageDeviceConfiguration] = [],
-    directorySharingDevices: [VZDirectorySharingDeviceConfiguration] = [],
-    serialPorts: [VZSerialPortConfiguration] = []
-  ) async throws {
-    var ipswURL = ipswURL
+  #if arch(arm64)
+    init(
+      vmDir: VMDirectory,
+      ipswURL: URL,
+      diskSizeGB: UInt16,
+      network: Network = NetworkShared(),
+      additionalStorageDevices: [VZStorageDeviceConfiguration] = [],
+      directorySharingDevices: [VZDirectorySharingDeviceConfiguration] = [],
+      serialPorts: [VZSerialPortConfiguration] = []
+    ) async throws {
+      var ipswURL = ipswURL

-    if !ipswURL.isFileURL {
-      ipswURL = try await VM.retrieveIPSW(remoteURL: ipswURL)
-    }
-
-    // We create a temporary TART_HOME directory in tests, which has its "cache" folder symlinked
-    // to the users Tart cache directory (~/.tart/cache). However, the Virtualization.Framework
-    // cannot deal with paths that contain symlinks, so expand them here first.
-    ipswURL.resolveSymlinksInPath()
-
-    // Load the restore image and try to get the requirements
-    // that match both the image and our platform
-    let image = try await withCheckedThrowingContinuation { continuation in
-      VZMacOSRestoreImage.load(from: ipswURL) { result in
-        continuation.resume(with: result)
+      if !ipswURL.isFileURL {
+        ipswURL = try await VM.retrieveIPSW(remoteURL: ipswURL)
      }
-    }

-    guard let requirements = image.mostFeaturefulSupportedConfiguration else {
-      throw UnsupportedRestoreImageError()
-    }
+      // We create a temporary TART_HOME directory in tests, which has its "cache" folder symlinked
+      // to the users Tart cache directory (~/.tart/cache). However, the Virtualization.Framework
+      // cannot deal with paths that contain symlinks, so expand them here first.
+      ipswURL.resolveSymlinksInPath()

-    // Create NVRAM
-    _ = try VZMacAuxiliaryStorage(creatingStorageAt: vmDir.nvramURL, hardwareModel: requirements.hardwareModel)
-
-    // Create disk
-    try vmDir.resizeDisk(diskSizeGB)
-
-    name = vmDir.name
-    // Create config
-    config = VMConfig(
-      platform: Darwin(ecid: VZMacMachineIdentifier(), hardwareModel: requirements.hardwareModel),
-      cpuCountMin: requirements.minimumSupportedCPUCount,
-      memorySizeMin: requirements.minimumSupportedMemorySize
-    )
-    // allocate at least 4 CPUs because otherwise VMs are frequently freezing
-    try config.setCPU(cpuCount: max(4, requirements.minimumSupportedCPUCount))
-    try config.save(toURL: vmDir.configURL)
-
-    // Initialize the virtual machine and its configuration
-    self.network = network
-    configuration = try Self.craftConfiguration(diskURL: vmDir.diskURL, nvramURL: vmDir.nvramURL,
-                                                vmConfig: config, network: network,
-                                                additionalStorageDevices: additionalStorageDevices,
-                                                directorySharingDevices: directorySharingDevices,
-                                                serialPorts: serialPorts
-    )
-    virtualMachine = VZVirtualMachine(configuration: configuration)
-
-    super.init()
-    virtualMachine.delegate = self
-
-    // Run automated installation
-    try await withCheckedThrowingContinuation { (continuation: CheckedContinuation<Void, Error>) in
-      DispatchQueue.main.async { [ipswURL] in
-        let installer = VZMacOSInstaller(virtualMachine: self.virtualMachine, restoringFromImageAt: ipswURL)
-
-        defaultLogger.appendNewLine("Installing OS...")
-        ProgressObserver(installer.progress).log(defaultLogger)
-
-        installer.install { result in
+      // Load the restore image and try to get the requirements
+      // that match both the image and our platform
+      let image = try await withCheckedThrowingContinuation { continuation in
+        VZMacOSRestoreImage.load(from: ipswURL) { result in
          continuation.resume(with: result)
        }
      }
+
+      guard let requirements = image.mostFeaturefulSupportedConfiguration else {
+        throw UnsupportedRestoreImageError()
+      }
+
+      // Create NVRAM
+      _ = try VZMacAuxiliaryStorage(creatingStorageAt: vmDir.nvramURL, hardwareModel: requirements.hardwareModel)
+
+      // Create disk
+      try vmDir.resizeDisk(diskSizeGB)
+
+      name = vmDir.name
+      // Create config
+      config = VMConfig(
+        platform: Darwin(ecid: VZMacMachineIdentifier(), hardwareModel: requirements.hardwareModel),
+        cpuCountMin: requirements.minimumSupportedCPUCount,
+        memorySizeMin: requirements.minimumSupportedMemorySize
+      )
+      // allocate at least 4 CPUs because otherwise VMs are frequently freezing
+      try config.setCPU(cpuCount: max(4, requirements.minimumSupportedCPUCount))
+      try config.save(toURL: vmDir.configURL)
+
+      // Initialize the virtual machine and its configuration
+      self.network = network
+      configuration = try Self.craftConfiguration(diskURL: vmDir.diskURL, nvramURL: vmDir.nvramURL,
+                                                  vmConfig: config, network: network,
+                                                  additionalStorageDevices: additionalStorageDevices,
+                                                  directorySharingDevices: directorySharingDevices,
+                                                  serialPorts: serialPorts
+      )
+      virtualMachine = VZVirtualMachine(configuration: configuration)
+
+      super.init()
+      virtualMachine.delegate = self
+
+      // Run automated installation
+      try await install(ipswURL)
    }
-  }
+
+    @MainActor
+    private func install(_ url: URL) async throws {
+      let installer = VZMacOSInstaller(virtualMachine: self.virtualMachine, restoringFromImageAt: url)
+      defaultLogger.appendNewLine("Installing OS...")
+      ProgressObserver(installer.progress).log(defaultLogger)
+
+      try await withTaskCancellationHandler(operation: {
+        try await withCheckedThrowingContinuation { continuation in
+          installer.install { result in
+            continuation.resume(with: result)
+          }
+        }
+      }, onCancel: {
+        installer.progress.cancel()
+      })
+    }
+  #endif

  @available(macOS 13, *)
  static func linux(vmDir: VMDirectory, diskSizeGB: UInt16) async throws -> VM {
@@ -240,16 +248,18 @@ class VM: NSObject, VZVirtualMachineDelegate, ObservableObject {
  }

  func run() async throws {
-    await withTaskCancellationHandler(operation: {
-      // Wait for the VM to finish running
-      // or for the exit condition
-      sema.wait()
-    }, onCancel: {
-      sema.signal()
-    })
+    do {
+      try await sema.waitUnlessCancelled()
+    } catch is CancellationError {
+      // Triggered by "tart stop", Ctrl+C, or closing the
+      // VM window, so shut down the VM gracefully below.
+    }

    if Task.isCancelled {
-      try await stop()
+      if (self.virtualMachine.state == VZVirtualMachine.State.running) {
+        print("Stopping VM...")
+        try await stop()
+      }
    }

    try await network.stop()
@@ -257,9 +267,13 @@ class VM: NSObject, VZVirtualMachineDelegate, ObservableObject {

  @MainActor
  private func start(_ recovery: Bool) async throws {
-    let startOptions = VZMacOSVirtualMachineStartOptions()
-    startOptions.startUpFromMacOSRecovery = recovery
-    try await virtualMachine.start(options: startOptions)
+    #if arch(arm64)
+      let startOptions = VZMacOSVirtualMachineStartOptions()
+      startOptions.startUpFromMacOSRecovery = recovery
+      try await virtualMachine.start(options: startOptions)
+    #else
+      try await virtualMachine.start()
+    #endif
  }

  @MainActor
@@ -280,7 +294,10 @@ class VM: NSObject, VZVirtualMachineDelegate, ObservableObject {
    additionalStorageDevices: [VZStorageDeviceConfiguration],
    directorySharingDevices: [VZDirectorySharingDeviceConfiguration],
    serialPorts: [VZSerialPortConfiguration],
-    suspendable: Bool = false
+    suspendable: Bool = false,
+    audio: Bool = true,
+    clipboard: Bool = true,
+    sync: VZDiskImageSynchronizationMode = .full
  ) throws -> VZVirtualMachineConfiguration {
    let configuration = VZVirtualMachineConfiguration()

@@ -298,16 +315,23 @@ class VM: NSObject, VZVirtualMachineDelegate, ObservableObject {
    configuration.graphicsDevices = [vmConfig.platform.graphicsDevice(vmConfig: vmConfig)]

    // Audio
-    if !suspendable {
-      let soundDeviceConfiguration = VZVirtioSoundDeviceConfiguration()
+    let soundDeviceConfiguration = VZVirtioSoundDeviceConfiguration()
+
+    if audio && !suspendable {
      let inputAudioStreamConfiguration = VZVirtioSoundDeviceInputStreamConfiguration()
-      inputAudioStreamConfiguration.source = VZHostAudioInputStreamSource()
      let outputAudioStreamConfiguration = VZVirtioSoundDeviceOutputStreamConfiguration()
+
+      inputAudioStreamConfiguration.source = VZHostAudioInputStreamSource()
      outputAudioStreamConfiguration.sink = VZHostAudioOutputStreamSink()
+
      soundDeviceConfiguration.streams = [inputAudioStreamConfiguration, outputAudioStreamConfiguration]
-      configuration.audioDevices = [soundDeviceConfiguration]
+    } else {
+      // just a null speaker
+      soundDeviceConfiguration.streams = [VZVirtioSoundDeviceOutputStreamConfiguration()]
    }

+    configuration.audioDevices = [soundDeviceConfiguration]
+
    // Keyboard and mouse
    if suspendable, let platformSuspendable = vmConfig.platform.self as? PlatformSuspendable {
      configuration.keyboards = platformSuspendable.keyboardsSuspendable()
@@ -325,10 +349,29 @@ class VM: NSObject, VZVirtualMachineDelegate, ObservableObject {
      return vio
    }

+    // Clipboard sharing via Spice agent
+    if clipboard && vmConfig.os == .linux {
+      let spiceAgentConsoleDevice = VZVirtioConsoleDeviceConfiguration()
+      let spiceAgentPort = VZVirtioConsolePortConfiguration()
+      spiceAgentPort.name = VZSpiceAgentPortAttachment.spiceAgentPortName
+      spiceAgentPort.attachment = VZSpiceAgentPortAttachment()
+      spiceAgentConsoleDevice.ports[0] = spiceAgentPort
+      configuration.consoleDevices.append(spiceAgentConsoleDevice)
+    }
+
    // Storage
-    var devices: [VZStorageDeviceConfiguration] = [
-      VZVirtioBlockDeviceConfiguration(attachment: try VZDiskImageStorageDeviceAttachment(url: diskURL, readOnly: false))
-    ]
+    let attachment: VZDiskImageStorageDeviceAttachment = vmConfig.os == .linux ?
+      // Use "cached" caching mode for virtio drive to prevent fs corruption on linux
+      try VZDiskImageStorageDeviceAttachment(url: diskURL, readOnly: false, cachingMode: .cached, synchronizationMode: sync) :
+      try VZDiskImageStorageDeviceAttachment(url: diskURL, readOnly: false, cachingMode: .automatic, synchronizationMode: sync)
+
+    var device: VZStorageDeviceConfiguration
+    if #available(macOS 14, *), vmConfig.os == .linux {
+      device = VZNVMExpressControllerDeviceConfiguration(attachment: attachment)
+    } else {
+      device = VZVirtioBlockDeviceConfiguration(attachment: attachment)
+    }
+    var devices: [VZStorageDeviceConfiguration] = [device]
    devices.append(contentsOf: additionalStorageDevices)
    configuration.storageDevices = devices

@@ -95,7 +95,14 @@ struct VMConfig: Codable {
    arch = try container.decodeIfPresent(Architecture.self, forKey: .arch) ?? .arm64
    switch os {
    case .darwin:
-      platform = try Darwin(from: decoder)
+      #if arch(arm64)
+        platform = try Darwin(from: decoder)
+      #else
+        throw DecodingError.dataCorruptedError(
+          forKey: .os,
+          in: container,
+          debugDescription: "Darwin VMs are only supported on Apple Silicon hosts")
+      #endif
    case .linux:
      platform = try Linux(from: decoder)
    }
@@ -132,20 +139,30 @@ struct VMConfig: Codable {
  }

  mutating func setCPU(cpuCount: Int) throws {
-    if cpuCount < cpuCountMin {
+    if os == .darwin && cpuCount < cpuCountMin {
      throw LessThanMinimalResourcesError("VM should have \(cpuCountMin) CPU cores"
        + " at minimum (requested \(cpuCount))")
    }

+    if cpuCount < VZVirtualMachineConfiguration.minimumAllowedCPUCount {
+      throw LessThanMinimalResourcesError("VM should have \(VZVirtualMachineConfiguration.minimumAllowedCPUCount) CPU cores"
+        + " at minimum (requested \(cpuCount))")
+    }
+
    self.cpuCount = cpuCount
  }

  mutating func setMemory(memorySize: UInt64) throws {
-    if memorySize < memorySizeMin {
+    if os == .darwin && memorySize < memorySizeMin {
      throw LessThanMinimalResourcesError("VM should have \(memorySizeMin) bytes"
        + " of memory at minimum (requested \(memorySize))")
    }

+    if memorySize < VZVirtualMachineConfiguration.minimumAllowedMemorySize {
+      throw LessThanMinimalResourcesError("VM should have \(VZVirtualMachineConfiguration.minimumAllowedMemorySize) bytes"
+        + " of memory at minimum (requested \(memorySize))")
+    }
+
    self.memorySize = memorySize
  }
 }
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import Compression
 import Foundation
 import Sentry

@@ -10,18 +11,7 @@ enum OCIError: Error {
 }

 extension VMDirectory {
-  private static let bufferSizeBytes = 64 * 1024 * 1024
-  private static let layerLimitBytes = 500 * 1000 * 1000
-
-  func pullFromRegistry(registry: Registry, reference: String, concurrency: UInt) async throws {
-    defaultLogger.appendNewLine("pulling manifest...")
-
-    let (manifest, _) = try await registry.pullManifest(reference: reference)
-
-    return try await pullFromRegistry(registry: registry, manifest: manifest, concurrency: concurrency)
-  }
-
-  func pullFromRegistry(registry: Registry, manifest: OCIManifest, concurrency: UInt) async throws {
+  func pullFromRegistry(registry: Registry, manifest: OCIManifest, concurrency: UInt, localLayerCache: LocalLayerCache?) async throws {
    // Pull VM's config file layer and re-serialize it into a config file
    let configLayers = manifest.layers.filter {
      $0.mediaType == configMediaType
@@ -61,7 +51,18 @@ extension VMDirectory {
    let progress = Progress(totalUnitCount: diskCompressedSize)
    ProgressObserver(progress).log(defaultLogger)

-    try await diskImplType.pull(registry: registry, diskLayers: layers, diskURL: diskURL, concurrency: concurrency, progress: progress)
+    do {
+      try await diskImplType.pull(registry: registry, diskLayers: layers, diskURL: diskURL,
+                                  concurrency: concurrency, progress: progress,
+                                  localLayerCache: localLayerCache)
+    } catch let error where error is FilterError {
+      throw RuntimeError.PullFailed("failed to decompress disk: \(error.localizedDescription)")
+    }
+
+    if let llc = localLayerCache {
+      // set custom attribute to remember deduplicated bytes
+      diskURL.setDeduplicatedBytes(llc.deduplicatedBytes)
+    }

    // Pull VM's NVRAM file layer and store it in an NVRAM file
    defaultLogger.appendNewLine("pulling NVRAM...")
@@ -80,9 +81,12 @@ extension VMDirectory {
      nvram.write(data)
    }
    try nvram.close()
+
+    // Serialize VM's manifest to enable better deduplication on subsequent "tart pull"'s
+    try manifest.toJSON().write(to: manifestURL)
  }

-  func pushToRegistry(registry: Registry, references: [String], chunkSizeMb: Int, diskFormat: String) async throws -> RemoteName {
+  func pushToRegistry(registry: Registry, references: [String], chunkSizeMb: Int, diskFormat: String, concurrency: UInt) async throws -> RemoteName {
    var layers = Array<OCIManifestLayer>()

    // Read VM's config and push it as blob
@@ -101,9 +105,9 @@ extension VMDirectory {

    switch diskFormat {
    case "v1":
-      layers.append(contentsOf: try await DiskV1.push(diskURL: diskURL, registry: registry, chunkSizeMb: chunkSizeMb, progress: progress))
+      layers.append(contentsOf: try await DiskV1.push(diskURL: diskURL, registry: registry, chunkSizeMb: chunkSizeMb, concurrency: concurrency, progress: progress))
    case "v2":
-      layers.append(contentsOf: try await DiskV2.push(diskURL: diskURL, registry: registry, chunkSizeMb: chunkSizeMb, progress: progress))
+      layers.append(contentsOf: try await DiskV2.push(diskURL: diskURL, registry: registry, chunkSizeMb: chunkSizeMb, concurrency: concurrency, progress: progress))
    default:
      throw RuntimeError.OCIUnsupportedDiskFormat(diskFormat)
    }
@@ -3,6 +3,12 @@ import Virtualization
 import CryptoKit

 struct VMDirectory: Prunable {
+  enum State: String {
+    case Running = "running"
+    case Suspended = "suspended"
+    case Stopped = "stopped"
+  }
+
  var baseURL: URL

  var configURL: URL {
@@ -17,6 +23,9 @@ struct VMDirectory: Prunable {
  var stateURL: URL {
    baseURL.appendingPathComponent("state.vzvmsave")
  }
+  var manifestURL: URL {
+    baseURL.appendingPathComponent("manifest.json")
+  }

  var explicitlyPulledMark: URL {
    baseURL.appendingPathComponent(".explicitly-pulled")
@@ -30,26 +39,30 @@ struct VMDirectory: Prunable {
    baseURL
  }

+  func lock() throws -> PIDLock {
+    try PIDLock(lockURL: configURL)
+  }
+
  func running() throws -> Bool {
    // The most common reason why PIDLock() instantiation fails is a race with "tart delete" (ENOENT),
    // which is fine to report as "not running".
    //
    // The other reasons are unlikely and the cost of getting a false positive is way less than
    // the cost of crashing with an exception when calling "tart list" on a busy machine, for example.
-    guard let lock = try? PIDLock(lockURL: configURL) else {
+    guard let lock = try? lock() else {
      return false
    }

    return try lock.pid() != 0
  }

-  func state() throws -> String {
+  func state() throws -> State {
    if try running() {
-      return "running"
+      return State.Running
    } else if FileManager.default.fileExists(atPath: stateURL.path) {
-      return "suspended"
+      return State.Suspended
    } else {
-      return "stopped"
+      return State.Stopped
    }
  }

@@ -130,20 +143,53 @@ struct VMDirectory: Prunable {
    if !FileManager.default.fileExists(atPath: diskURL.path) {
      FileManager.default.createFile(atPath: diskURL.path, contents: nil, attributes: nil)
    }
+
    let diskFileHandle = try FileHandle.init(forWritingTo: diskURL)
-    // macOS considers kilo being 1000 and not 1024
-    try diskFileHandle.truncate(atOffset: UInt64(sizeGB) * 1000 * 1000 * 1000)
+    let currentDiskFileLength = try diskFileHandle.seekToEnd()
+    let desiredDiskFileLength = UInt64(sizeGB) * 1000 * 1000 * 1000
+    if desiredDiskFileLength < currentDiskFileLength {
+      let currentLengthHuman = ByteCountFormatter().string(fromByteCount: Int64(currentDiskFileLength))
+      let desiredLengthHuman = ByteCountFormatter().string(fromByteCount: Int64(desiredDiskFileLength))
+      throw RuntimeError.InvalidDiskSize("new disk size of \(desiredLengthHuman) should be larger " +
+        "than the current disk size of \(currentLengthHuman)")
+    } else if desiredDiskFileLength > currentDiskFileLength {
+      try diskFileHandle.truncate(atOffset: desiredDiskFileLength)
+    }
    try diskFileHandle.close()
  }

  func delete() throws {
+    let lock = try lock()
+
+    if try !lock.trylock() {
+      throw RuntimeError.VMIsRunning(name)
+    }
+
    try FileManager.default.removeItem(at: baseURL)
+
+    try lock.unlock()
  }

  func accessDate() throws -> Date {
    try baseURL.accessDate()
  }

+  func allocatedSizeBytes() throws -> Int {
+    try configURL.allocatedSizeBytes() + diskURL.allocatedSizeBytes() + nvramURL.allocatedSizeBytes()
+  }
+
+  func allocatedSizeGB() throws -> Int {
+    try allocatedSizeBytes() / 1000 / 1000 / 1000
+  }
+
+  func deduplicatedSizeBytes() throws -> Int {
+    try configURL.deduplicatedSizeBytes() + diskURL.deduplicatedSizeBytes() + nvramURL.deduplicatedSizeBytes()
+  }
+
+  func deduplicatedSizeGB() throws -> Int {
+    try deduplicatedSizeBytes() / 1000 / 1000 / 1000
+  }
+
  func sizeBytes() throws -> Int {
    try configURL.sizeBytes() + diskURL.sizeBytes() + nvramURL.sizeBytes()
  }
@@ -50,14 +50,18 @@ enum RuntimeError : Error {
  case VMConfigurationError(_ message: String)
  case VMDoesNotExist(name: String)
  case VMMissingFiles(_ message: String)
-  case VMNotRunning(_ message: String)
+  case VMIsRunning(_ name: String)
+  case VMNotRunning(_ name: String)
  case VMAlreadyRunning(_ message: String)
  case NoIPAddressFound(_ message: String)
  case DiskAlreadyInUse(_ message: String)
+  case FailedToOpenBlockDevice(_ path: String, _ explanation: String)
+  case InvalidDiskSize(_ message: String)
  case FailedToUpdateAccessDate(_ message: String)
  case PIDLockFailed(_ message: String)
  case FailedToParseRemoteName(_ message: String)
  case VMTerminationFailed(_ message: String)
+  case ImproperlyFormattedHost(_ host: String, _ hint: String)
  case InvalidCredentials(_ message: String)
  case VMDirectoryAlreadyInitialized(_ message: String)
  case ExportFailed(_ message: String)
@@ -66,6 +70,8 @@ enum RuntimeError : Error {
  case OCIStorageError(_ message: String)
  case OCIUnsupportedDiskFormat(_ format: String)
  case SuspendFailed(_ message: String)
+  case PullFailed(_ message: String)
+  case VirtualMachineLimitExceeded(_ hint: String)
 }

 protocol HasExitCode {
@@ -81,14 +87,20 @@ extension RuntimeError : CustomStringConvertible {
      return "the specified VM \"\(name)\" does not exist"
    case .VMMissingFiles(let message):
      return message
-    case .VMNotRunning(let message):
-      return message
+    case .VMIsRunning(let name):
+      return "VM \"\(name)\" is running"
+    case .VMNotRunning(let name):
+      return "VM \"\(name)\" is not running"
    case .VMAlreadyRunning(let message):
      return message
    case .NoIPAddressFound(let message):
      return message
    case .DiskAlreadyInUse(let message):
      return message
+    case .FailedToOpenBlockDevice(let path, let explanation):
+      return "failed to open block device \(path): \(explanation)"
+    case .InvalidDiskSize(let message):
+      return message
    case .FailedToUpdateAccessDate(let message):
      return message
    case .PIDLockFailed(let message):
@@ -97,6 +109,8 @@ extension RuntimeError : CustomStringConvertible {
      return "failed to parse remote name: \(cause)"
    case .VMTerminationFailed(let message):
      return message
+    case .ImproperlyFormattedHost(let host, let hint):
+      return "improperly formatted host \"\(host)\" was provided\(hint)"
    case .InvalidCredentials(let message):
      return message
    case .VMDirectoryAlreadyInitialized(let message):
@@ -113,6 +127,10 @@ extension RuntimeError : CustomStringConvertible {
      return "OCI disk format \(format) is not supported by this version of Tart"
    case .SuspendFailed(let message):
      return "Failed to suspend the VM: \(message)"
+    case .PullFailed(let message):
+      return message
+    case .VirtualMachineLimitExceeded(let hint):
+      return "The number of VMs exceeds the system limit\(hint)"
    }
  }
 }
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class VMStorageLocal: PrunableStorage {
  }

  func delete(_ name: String) throws {
-    try FileManager.default.removeItem(at: vmURL(name))
+    try VMDirectory(baseURL: vmURL(name)).delete()
  }

  func list() throws -> [(String, VMDirectory)] {
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ class VMStorageLocal: PrunableStorage {
  }

  func prunables() throws -> [Prunable] {
-    try list().map { (_, vmDir) in vmDir }
+    try list().map { (_, vmDir) in vmDir }.filter { try !$0.running() }
  }

  func hasVMsWithMACAddress(macAddress: String) throws -> Bool {
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import Foundation
 import Sentry
+import Retry

 class VMStorageOCI: PrunableStorage {
  let baseURL = try! Config().tartCacheDir.appendingPathComponent("OCIs", isDirectory: true)
@@ -112,6 +113,10 @@ class VMStorageOCI: PrunableStorage {
        continue
      }

+      // Split the relative VM's path at the last component
+      // and figure out which character should be used
+      // to join them together, either ":" for tags or
+      // "@" for hashes
      let parts = [foundURL.deletingLastPathComponent().relativePath, foundURL.lastPathComponent]
      var name: String

@@ -122,6 +127,9 @@ class VMStorageOCI: PrunableStorage {
        name = parts.joined(separator: "@")
      }

+      // Remove the percent-encoding, if any
+      name = percentDecode(name)
+
      result.append((name, vmDir, isSymlink))
    }

@@ -134,7 +142,7 @@ class VMStorageOCI: PrunableStorage {

  func pull(_ name: RemoteName, registry: Registry, concurrency: UInt) async throws {
    SentrySDK.configureScope { scope in
-      scope.setContext(value: ["imageName": name], key: "OCI")
+      scope.setContext(value: ["imageName": name.description], key: "OCI")
    }

    defaultLogger.appendNewLine("pulling manifest...")
@@ -188,7 +196,27 @@ class VMStorageOCI: PrunableStorage {
      }

      try await withTaskCancellationHandler(operation: {
-        try await tmpVMDir.pullFromRegistry(registry: registry, manifest: manifest, concurrency: concurrency)
+        try await retry(maxAttempts: 5, backoff: .exponentialWithFullJitter(baseDelay: .seconds(5), maxDelay: .seconds(60))) {
+          // Choose the best base image which has the most deduplication ratio
+          let localLayerCache = try await chooseLocalLayerCache(name, manifest, registry)
+
+          if let llc = localLayerCache {
+            let deduplicatedHuman = ByteCountFormatter.string(fromByteCount: Int64(llc.deduplicatedBytes), countStyle: .file)
+
+            defaultLogger.appendNewLine("found an image \(llc.name) that will allow us to deduplicate \(deduplicatedHuman), using it as a base...")
+          }
+
+          try await tmpVMDir.pullFromRegistry(registry: registry, manifest: manifest, concurrency: concurrency, localLayerCache: localLayerCache)
+        } recoverFromFailure: { error in
+          if error is Retryable {
+            print("Error: \(error.localizedDescription)")
+            print("Attempting to re-try...")
+
+            return .retry
+          }
+
+          return .throw
+        }
        try move(digestName, from: tmpVMDir)
        transaction.finish()
      }, onCancel: {
@@ -219,21 +247,72 @@ class VMStorageOCI: PrunableStorage {
  }

  func link(from: RemoteName, to: RemoteName) throws {
-    if FileManager.default.fileExists(atPath: vmURL(from).path) {
-      try FileManager.default.removeItem(at: vmURL(from))
-    }
+    try? FileManager.default.removeItem(at: vmURL(from))

    try FileManager.default.createSymbolicLink(at: vmURL(from), withDestinationURL: vmURL(to))

    try gc()
  }
+
+  func chooseLocalLayerCache(_ name: RemoteName, _ manifest: OCIManifest, _ registry: Registry) async throws -> LocalLayerCache? {
+    // Establish a closure that will calculate how much bytes
+    // we'll deduplicate if we re-use the given manifest
+    let target = Swift.Set(manifest.layers)
+
+    let calculateDeduplicatedBytes = { (manifest: OCIManifest) -> UInt64 in
+      target.intersection(manifest.layers).map({ UInt64($0.size) }).reduce(0, +)
+    }
+
+    // Load OCI VM images and their manifests (if present)
+    var candidates: [(name: String, vmDir: VMDirectory, manifest: OCIManifest, deduplicatedBytes: UInt64)] = []
+
+    for (name, vmDir, isSymlink) in try list() {
+      if isSymlink {
+        continue
+      }
+
+      guard let manifestJSON = try? Data(contentsOf: vmDir.manifestURL) else {
+        continue
+      }
+
+      guard let manifest = try? OCIManifest(fromJSON: manifestJSON) else {
+        continue
+      }
+
+      candidates.append((name, vmDir, manifest, calculateDeduplicatedBytes(manifest)))
+    }
+
+    // Previously we haven't stored the OCI VM image manifests, but still fetched the VM image manifest if
+    // what the user was trying to pull was a tagged image, and we already had that image in the OCI VM cache
+    //
+    // Keep supporting this behavior for backwards comaptibility, but only communicate
+    // with the registry if we haven't already retrieved the manifest for that OCI VM image.
+    if name.reference.type == .Tag,
+       let vmDir = try? open(name),
+       let digest = try? digest(name),
+       try !candidates.contains(where: {try $0.manifest.digest() == digest}),
+       let (manifest, _) = try? await registry.pullManifest(reference: digest) {
+      candidates.append((name.description, vmDir, manifest, calculateDeduplicatedBytes(manifest)))
+    }
+
+    // Now, find the best match based on how many bytes we'll deduplicate
+    let choosen = candidates.filter {
+      $0.deduplicatedBytes > 1024 * 1024 * 1024 // save at least 1GB
+    }.max { left, right in
+      return left.deduplicatedBytes < right.deduplicatedBytes
+    }
+
+    return try choosen.flatMap({ choosen in
+      try LocalLayerCache(choosen.name, choosen.deduplicatedBytes, choosen.vmDir.diskURL, choosen.manifest)
+    })
+  }
 }

 extension URL {
  func appendingRemoteName(_ name: RemoteName) -> URL {
    var result: URL = self

-    for pathComponent in (name.host + "/" + name.namespace + "/" + name.reference.value).split(separator: "/") {
+    for pathComponent in (percentEncode(name.host) + "/" + name.namespace + "/" + name.reference.value).split(separator: "/") {
      result = result.appendingPathComponent(String(pathComponent))
    }

@@ -241,6 +320,23 @@ extension URL {
  }

  func appendingHost(_ name: RemoteName) -> URL {
-    self.appendingPathComponent(name.host, isDirectory: true)
+    self.appendingPathComponent(percentEncode(name.host), isDirectory: true)
  }
 }
+
+// Work around a pretty inane Swift's URL behavior where calling
+// appendingPathComponent() or deletingLastPathComponent() on a
+// URL like URL(filePath: "example.com:8080") (note the "filePath")
+// will flip its isFileURL from "true" to "false" and discard its
+// absolute path infromation (if any).
+//
+// The same kind of operations won't do anything to a URL like
+// URL(filePath: "127.0.0.1:8080"), which makes things even more
+// ridiculous.
+private func percentEncode(_ s: String) -> String {
+  return s.addingPercentEncoding(withAllowedCharacters: CharacterSet(charactersIn: ":").inverted)!
+}
+
+private func percentDecode(_ s: String) -> String {
+  s.removingPercentEncoding!
+}
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class FullFledgedVNC: VNC {
    vnc.start()
  }

-  func waitForURL() async throws -> URL {
+  func waitForURL(netBridged: Bool) async throws -> URL {
    while true {
      // Port is 0 shortly after start(),
      // but will be initialized later
@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@ class ScreenSharingVNC: VNC {
    self.vmConfig = vmConfig
  }

-  func waitForURL() async throws -> URL {
+  func waitForURL(netBridged: Bool) async throws -> URL {
    let vmMACAddress = MACAddress(fromString: vmConfig.macAddress.string)!
-    let ip = try await IP.resolveIP(vmMACAddress, secondsToWait: 60)
+    let ip = try await IP.resolveIP(vmMACAddress, resolutionStrategy: netBridged ? .arp : .dhcp, secondsToWait: 60)

    if let ip = ip {
      return URL(string: "vnc://\(ip)")!
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import Foundation

 protocol VNC {
-  func waitForURL() async throws -> URL
+  func waitForURL(netBridged: Bool) async throws -> URL
  func stop() throws
 }
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 import XCTest
@testable import tart

+import Virtualization
+
 final class DirectoryShareTests: XCTestCase {
  func testNamedParsing() throws {
    let share = try DirectoryShare(parseFrom: "build:/Users/admin/build")
@@ -8,25 +10,65 @@ final class DirectoryShareTests: XCTestCase {
    XCTAssertEqual(share.path, URL(filePath: "/Users/admin/build"))
    XCTAssertFalse(share.readOnly)
  }
-  
+
  func testNamedReadOnlyParsing() throws {
    let share = try DirectoryShare(parseFrom: "build:/Users/admin/build:ro")
    XCTAssertEqual(share.name, "build")
    XCTAssertEqual(share.path, URL(filePath: "/Users/admin/build"))
    XCTAssertTrue(share.readOnly)
  }
-  
+
  func testOptionalNameParsing() throws {
    let share = try DirectoryShare(parseFrom: "/Users/admin/build")
    XCTAssertNil(share.name)
    XCTAssertEqual(share.path, URL(filePath: "/Users/admin/build"))
    XCTAssertFalse(share.readOnly)
  }
-  
+
  func testOptionalNameReadOnlyParsing() throws {
    let share = try DirectoryShare(parseFrom: "/Users/admin/build:ro")
    XCTAssertNil(share.name)
    XCTAssertEqual(share.path, URL(filePath: "/Users/admin/build"))
    XCTAssertTrue(share.readOnly)
  }
+
+  func testMountTagParsing() throws {
+    let share = try DirectoryShare(parseFrom: "/Users/admin/build:tag=foo-bar")
+    XCTAssertNil(share.name)
+    XCTAssertEqual(share.path, URL(filePath: "/Users/admin/build"))
+    XCTAssertFalse(share.readOnly)
+    XCTAssertEqual(share.mountTag, "foo-bar")
+
+    let roShare = try DirectoryShare(parseFrom: "/Users/admin/build:ro,tag=foo-bar")
+    XCTAssertNil(roShare.name)
+    XCTAssertEqual(roShare.path, URL(filePath: "/Users/admin/build"))
+    XCTAssertTrue(roShare.readOnly)
+    XCTAssertEqual(roShare.mountTag, "foo-bar")
+
+    let inverseRoShare = try DirectoryShare(parseFrom: "/Users/admin/build:tag=foo-bar,ro")
+    XCTAssertNil(inverseRoShare.name)
+    XCTAssertEqual(inverseRoShare.path, URL(filePath: "/Users/admin/build"))
+    XCTAssertTrue(inverseRoShare.readOnly)
+    XCTAssertEqual(inverseRoShare.mountTag, "foo-bar")
+  }
+
+  func testURL() throws {
+    let archiveWithoutNameOrOptions = try DirectoryShare(parseFrom: "https://example.com/archive.tar.gz")
+    XCTAssertNil(archiveWithoutNameOrOptions.name)
+    XCTAssertEqual(archiveWithoutNameOrOptions.path, URL(string: "https://example.com/archive.tar.gz")!)
+    XCTAssertFalse(archiveWithoutNameOrOptions.readOnly)
+    XCTAssertEqual(archiveWithoutNameOrOptions.mountTag, VZVirtioFileSystemDeviceConfiguration.macOSGuestAutomountTag)
+
+    let archiveWithOptions = try DirectoryShare(parseFrom: "https://example.com/archive.tar.gz:ro,tag=sometag")
+    XCTAssertNil(archiveWithOptions.name)
+    XCTAssertEqual(archiveWithOptions.path, URL(string: "https://example.com/archive.tar.gz")!)
+    XCTAssertTrue(archiveWithOptions.readOnly)
+    XCTAssertEqual(archiveWithOptions.mountTag, "sometag")
+
+    let archiveWithNameAndOptions = try DirectoryShare(parseFrom: "somename:https://example.com/archive.tar.gz:ro,tag=sometag")
+    XCTAssertEqual(archiveWithNameAndOptions.name, "somename")
+    XCTAssertEqual(archiveWithNameAndOptions.path, URL(string: "https://example.com/archive.tar.gz")!)
+    XCTAssertTrue(archiveWithNameAndOptions.readOnly)
+    XCTAssertEqual(archiveWithNameAndOptions.mountTag, "sometag")
+  }
 }
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ final class LayerizerTests: XCTestCase {
    let pulledDiskFileURL = FileManager.default.temporaryDirectory.appendingPathComponent(UUID().uuidString)

    print("pushing disk...")
-    let diskLayers = try await DiskV1.push(diskURL: originalDiskFileURL, registry: registry, chunkSizeMb: 0, progress: Progress())
+    let diskLayers = try await DiskV1.push(diskURL: originalDiskFileURL, registry: registry, chunkSizeMb: 0, concurrency: 4, progress: Progress())

    print("pulling disk...")
    try await DiskV1.pull(registry: registry, diskLayers: diskLayers, diskURL: pulledDiskFileURL, concurrency: 16, progress: Progress())
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ final class LayerizerTests: XCTestCase {
    let pulledDiskFileURL = FileManager.default.temporaryDirectory.appendingPathComponent(UUID().uuidString)

    print("pushing disk...")
-    let diskLayers = try await DiskV2.push(diskURL: originalDiskFileURL, registry: registry, chunkSizeMb: 0, progress: Progress())
+    let diskLayers = try await DiskV2.push(diskURL: originalDiskFileURL, registry: registry, chunkSizeMb: 0, concurrency: 4, progress: Progress())

    print("pulling disk...")
    try await DiskV2.pull(registry: registry, diskLayers: diskLayers, diskURL: pulledDiskFileURL, concurrency: 16, progress: Progress())
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+import XCTest
+@testable import tart
+
+import Network
+import SwiftRadix
+
+final class LeaseTests: XCTestCase {
+  func testCorrectTimezone() throws {
+    let lease = Lease(fromRawLease: [
+      "hw_address": "1,11:22:33:44:55:66",
+      "ip_address": "1.2.3.4",
+      "lease": "0x6565da9e",
+    ])
+
+    XCTAssertNotNil(lease)
+    XCTAssertEqual(lease!.expiresAt.toISO(), "2023-11-28T12:18:38Z")
+  }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+import XCTest
+@testable import tart
+
+import Network
+import SwiftDate
+
+final class LeasesTests: XCTestCase {
+  func testNoExpired() throws {
+    let macAddress = MACAddress(fromString: "11:22:33:44:55:66")!
+
+    let leases = try Leases("""
+    {
+      name=whatever
+      ip_address=66.66.66.66
+      hw_address=1,\(macAddress)
+      identifier=1,\(macAddress)
+      lease=\(Int((Date() - 1.seconds).timeIntervalSince1970).hex)
+
+    }
+    {
+      name=whatever
+      ip_address=1.2.3.4
+      hw_address=1,\(macAddress)
+      identifier=1,\(macAddress)
+      lease=\(Int((Date() + 10.minutes).timeIntervalSince1970).hex)
+    }
+    {
+      name=whatever
+      ip_address=66.66.66.66
+      hw_address=1,\(macAddress)
+      identifier=1,\(macAddress)
+      lease=\(Int((Date() - 1.seconds).timeIntervalSince1970).hex)
+    }
+    """)
+
+    XCTAssertEqual(IPv4Address("1.2.3.4"), leases.ResolveMACAddress(macAddress: macAddress))
+  }
+
+  func testDuplicateYetNotExpiredLeases() throws {
+    let macAddress = MACAddress(fromString: "11:22:33:44:55:66")!
+
+    let leases = try Leases("""
+    {
+            name=debian
+            ip_address=192.168.64.1
+            hw_address=1,\(macAddress)
+            identifier=1,\(macAddress)
+            lease=\(Int((Date() + 10.minutes).timeIntervalSince1970).hex)
+    }
+    {
+            name=debian
+            ip_address=192.168.64.2
+            hw_address=1,\(macAddress)
+            identifier=1,\(macAddress)
+            lease=\(Int((Date() + 5.minutes).timeIntervalSince1970).hex)
+    }
+    """)
+
+    XCTAssertEqual(IPv4Address("192.168.64.1"), leases.ResolveMACAddress(macAddress: macAddress))
+  }
+}
@@ -8,11 +8,12 @@ final class MACAddressResolverTests: XCTestCase {
    {
      ip_address=1.2.3.4
      hw_address=1,00:11:22:33:44:55
+      lease=0x7fffffff
    }
    """)

    XCTAssertEqual(IPv4Address("1.2.3.4"),
-                   try leases.ResolveMACAddress(macAddress: MACAddress(fromString: "00:11:22:33:44:55")!))
+                   leases.ResolveMACAddress(macAddress: MACAddress(fromString: "00:11:22:33:44:55")!))
  }

  func testMultipleEntries() throws {
@@ -20,16 +21,18 @@ final class MACAddressResolverTests: XCTestCase {
    {
      ip_address=1.2.3.4
      hw_address=1,00:11:22:33:44:55
+      lease=0x7fffffff
    }
    {
      ip_address=5.6.7.8
      hw_address=1,AA:BB:CC:DD:EE:FF
+      lease=0x7fffffff
    }
    """)

    XCTAssertEqual(IPv4Address("1.2.3.4"),
-                   try leases.ResolveMACAddress(macAddress: MACAddress(fromString: "00:11:22:33:44:55")!))
+                   leases.ResolveMACAddress(macAddress: MACAddress(fromString: "00:11:22:33:44:55")!))
    XCTAssertEqual(IPv4Address("5.6.7.8"),
-                   try leases.ResolveMACAddress(macAddress: MACAddress(fromString: "AA:BB:CC:DD:EE:FF")!))
+                   leases.ResolveMACAddress(macAddress: MACAddress(fromString: "AA:BB:CC:DD:EE:FF")!))
  }
 }
@@ -3,24 +3,26 @@ import XCTest

 final class TokenResponseTests: XCTestCase {
  func testBasic() throws {
+    var expectedTokenExpiresAtRange = DateInterval()
    let tokenResponseRaw = Data("{\"token\":\"some token\"}".utf8)
    let tokenResponse = try TokenResponse.parse(fromData: tokenResponseRaw)

    XCTAssertEqual(tokenResponse.token, "some token")

-    let expectedTokenExpiresAtRange = Date()...Date().addingTimeInterval(60)
+    expectedTokenExpiresAtRange.end = Date().addingTimeInterval(60)
    XCTAssertTrue(expectedTokenExpiresAtRange.contains(tokenResponse.tokenExpiresAt))

    XCTAssertTrue(tokenResponse.isValid())
  }

  func testExpirationBasic() throws {
+    var expectedTokenExpiresAtRange = DateInterval()
    let tokenResponseRaw = Data("{\"token\":\"some token\",\"expires_in\":2}".utf8)
    let tokenResponse = try TokenResponse.parse(fromData: tokenResponseRaw)

    XCTAssertEqual(tokenResponse.expiresIn, 2)

-    let expectedTokenExpiresAtRange = Date()...Date().addingTimeInterval(2)
+    expectedTokenExpiresAtRange.end = Date().addingTimeInterval(2)
    XCTAssertTrue(expectedTokenExpiresAtRange.contains(tokenResponse.tokenExpiresAt))

    XCTAssertTrue(tokenResponse.isValid())
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class RegistryRunner {
    let port = try Self.dockerCmd("inspect", containerID, "--format", "{{(index (index .NetworkSettings.Ports \"5000/tcp\") 0).HostPort}}")
      .trimmingCharacters(in: CharacterSet.newlines)

-    registry = try Registry(urlComponents: URLComponents(string: "http://127.0.0.1:\(port)/v2/")!,
+    registry = try Registry(baseURL: URL(string: "http://127.0.0.1:\(port)/v2/")!,
                            namespace: "vm-image")

    // Wait for the Docker Registry to start
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+root = true
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+run:
+  timeout: 5m
+
+linters:
+  enable-all: true
+
+  disable:
+    # Messages like "struct of size 104 bytes could be of size 96 bytes" from a package
+    # that was last updated 2 years ago[1] are barely helpful.
+    #
+    # After all, we're writing the code for other people, so let's trust the compiler here (that's
+    # constantly evolving compared to this linter) and revisit this if memory usage becomes a problem.
+    #
+    # [1]: https://github.com/mdempsky/maligned/commit/6e39bd26a8c8b58c5a22129593044655a9e25959
+    - maligned
+
+    # We don't have high-performance requirements at this moment, so sacrificing
+    # the code readability for marginal performance gains is not worth it.
+    - prealloc
+
+    # New linters that require a lot of codebase churn and noise, but perhaps we can enable them in the future.
+    - nlreturn
+    - wrapcheck
+    - errorlint
+
+    # Unfortunately, we use globals due to how spf13/cobra works.
+    - gochecknoglobals
+
+    # That's fine that some Proto objects don't have all fields initialized
+    - exhaustivestruct
+
+    # Style linters that are total nuts.
+    - wsl
+    - gofumpt
+    - goimports
+    - funlen
+
+    # This conflicts with the Protocol Buffers Version 3 design,
+    # which is largely based on default values for struct fields.
+    - exhaustivestruct
+
+    # Enough parallelism for now.
+    - paralleltest
+
+    # Ill-based assumptions about identifiers like fmt.Println without taking context into account.
+    - forbidigo
+
+    # Advantages of using t.Helper() are too small to waste developer's cognitive stamina on it.
+    - thelper
+
+    # Too restrictive defaults, plus there's already a gocyclo linter in place.
+    - cyclop
+
+    # Gives false positives for textbook examples[1][2]
+    # [1]: https://github.com/charithe/durationcheck/issues/7
+    # [2]: https://golang.org/pkg/time/ (see "To convert an integer number of units to a Duration, multiply:")
+    - durationcheck
+
+    # No way to disable the "exported" check for the whole project[1]
+    # [1]: https://github.com/mgechev/revive/issues/244#issuecomment-560512162
+    - revive
+
+    # Unfortunately too much false-positives, e.g. for a 0700 umask or number 10 when using strconv.FormatInt()
+    - gomnd
+
+    # Needs package whitelists
+    - depguard
+
+    # Generates absolutely useless errors, e.g.
+    # "string `.yml` has 3 occurrences, make it a constant"
+    - goconst
+
+    # It's OK to not sort imports
+    - gci
+
+    # It's OK to not initialize some struct fields
+    - exhaustruct
+
+    # This is not a library, so it's OK to use dynamic errors
+    - goerr113
+
+    # fmt.Sprintf() looks a bit nicer than string addition
+    - perfsprint
+
+    # We can control this ourselves
+    - varnamelen
+    - contextcheck
+
+issues:
+  # Don't hide multiple issues that belong to one class since GitHub annotations can handle them all nicely.
+  max-issues-per-linter: 0
+  max-same-issues: 0
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+# Benchmark
+
+Tart comes with a Golang-based benchmarking utility that allows one to easily compare host and guest performance.
+
+Currently, only Flexible I/O tester workloads are supported. To run them, [install Golang](https://go.dev/) and run the following command from this (`benchmark/`) directory:
+
+```shell
+go run cmd/main.go fio
+```
+
+You can also enable the debugging output to diagnose issues:
+
+```shell
+go run cmd/main.go fio --debug
+```
+
+## Results
+
+Host:
+
+* Hardware: Mac mini (Apple M2 Pro, 8 performance and 4 efficiency cores, 32 GB RAM, `Mac14,12`)
+* OS: macOS Sonoma 14.4.1
+
+Guest:
+
+* Hardware: [Virtualization.Framework](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/virtualization)
+* OS: macOS Sonoma 14.4.1
+
+```
+Name                    	Executor	Bandwidth	I/O operations
+Random writing of 1MB   	local   	2.6 GB/s 	649.35 kIOPS  
+Random writing of 1MB   	Tart    	2.5 GB/s 	620.22 kIOPS  
+Random writing of 10MB  	local   	2.6 GB/s 	651.74 kIOPS  
+Random writing of 10MB  	Tart    	2.5 GB/s 	615.52 kIOPS  
+Random writing of 100MB 	local   	1.9 GB/s 	481.51 kIOPS  
+Random writing of 100MB 	Tart    	2.0 GB/s 	493.31 kIOPS  
+Random writing of 1000MB	local   	1.7 GB/s 	414.89 kIOPS  
+Random writing of 1000MB	Tart    	1.1 GB/s 	287.4 kIOPS  
+```
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"github.com/cirruslabs/tart/benchmark/internal/command"
+	"log"
+	"os"
+	"os/signal"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	// Set up a signal-interruptible context
+	ctx, cancel := signal.NotifyContext(context.Background(), os.Interrupt)
+
+	// Run the root command
+	if err := command.NewCommand().ExecuteContext(ctx); err != nil {
+		cancel()
+
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	cancel()
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+module github.com/cirruslabs/tart/benchmark
+
+go 1.22.1
+
+require (
+	github.com/avast/retry-go/v4 v4.5.1
+	github.com/dustin/go-humanize v1.0.1
+	github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0
+	github.com/gosuri/uitable v0.0.4
+	github.com/spf13/cobra v1.8.0
+	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.9.0
+	go.uber.org/zap v1.27.0
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.21.0
+)
+
+require (
+	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 // indirect
+	github.com/fatih/color v1.16.0 // indirect
+	github.com/inconshreveable/mousetrap v1.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/mattn/go-colorable v0.1.13 // indirect
+	github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.20 // indirect
+	github.com/mattn/go-runewidth v0.0.15 // indirect
+	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 // indirect
+	github.com/rivo/uniseg v0.4.7 // indirect
+	github.com/spf13/pflag v1.0.5 // indirect
+	go.uber.org/multierr v1.11.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.18.0 // indirect
+	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 // indirect
+)
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+github.com/avast/retry-go/v4 v4.5.1 h1:AxIx0HGi4VZ3I02jr78j5lZ3M6x1E0Ivxa6b0pUUh7o=
+github.com/avast/retry-go/v4 v4.5.1/go.mod h1:/sipNsvNB3RRuT5iNcb6h73nw3IBmXJ/H3XrCQYSOpc=
+github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man/v2 v2.0.3/go.mod h1:tgQtvFlXSQOSOSIRvRPT7W67SCa46tRHOmNcaadrF8o=
+github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 h1:vj9j/u1bqnvCEfJOwUhtlOARqs3+rkHYY13jYWTU97c=
+github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
+github.com/dustin/go-humanize v1.0.1 h1:GzkhY7T5VNhEkwH0PVJgjz+fX1rhBrR7pRT3mDkpeCY=
+github.com/dustin/go-humanize v1.0.1/go.mod h1:Mu1zIs6XwVuF/gI1OepvI0qD18qycQx+mFykh5fBlto=
+github.com/fatih/color v1.16.0 h1:zmkK9Ngbjj+K0yRhTVONQh1p/HknKYSlNT+vZCzyokM=
+github.com/fatih/color v1.16.0/go.mod h1:fL2Sau1YI5c0pdGEVCbKQbLXB6edEj1ZgiY4NijnWvE=
+github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0 h1:NIvaJDMOsjHA8n1jAhLSgzrAzy1Hgr+hNrb57e+94F0=
+github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0/go.mod h1:TIyPZe4MgqvfeYDBFedMoGGpEw/LqOeaOT+nhxU+yHo=
+github.com/gosuri/uitable v0.0.4 h1:IG2xLKRvErL3uhY6e1BylFzG+aJiwQviDDTfOKeKTpY=
+github.com/gosuri/uitable v0.0.4/go.mod h1:tKR86bXuXPZazfOTG1FIzvjIdXzd0mo4Vtn16vt0PJo=
+github.com/inconshreveable/mousetrap v1.1.0 h1:wN+x4NVGpMsO7ErUn/mUI3vEoE6Jt13X2s0bqwp9tc8=
+github.com/inconshreveable/mousetrap v1.1.0/go.mod h1:vpF70FUmC8bwa3OWnCshd2FqLfsEA9PFc4w1p2J65bw=
+github.com/mattn/go-colorable v0.1.13 h1:fFA4WZxdEF4tXPZVKMLwD8oUnCTTo08duU7wxecdEvA=
+github.com/mattn/go-colorable v0.1.13/go.mod h1:7S9/ev0klgBDR4GtXTXX8a3vIGJpMovkB8vQcUbaXHg=
+github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.16/go.mod h1:kYGgaQfpe5nmfYZH+SKPsOc2e4SrIfOl2e/yFXSvRLM=
+github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.20 h1:xfD0iDuEKnDkl03q4limB+vH+GxLEtL/jb4xVJSWWEY=
+github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.20/go.mod h1:W+V8PltTTMOvKvAeJH7IuucS94S2C6jfK/D7dTCTo3Y=
+github.com/mattn/go-runewidth v0.0.15 h1:UNAjwbU9l54TA3KzvqLGxwWjHmMgBUVhBiTjelZgg3U=
+github.com/mattn/go-runewidth v0.0.15/go.mod h1:Jdepj2loyihRzMpdS35Xk/zdY8IAYHsh153qUoGf23w=
+github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 h1:4DBwDE0NGyQoBHbLQYPwSUPoCMWR5BEzIk/f1lZbAQM=
+github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0/go.mod h1:iKH77koFhYxTK1pcRnkKkqfTogsbg7gZNVY4sRDYZ/4=
+github.com/rivo/uniseg v0.2.0/go.mod h1:J6wj4VEh+S6ZtnVlnTBMWIodfgj8LQOQFoIToxlJtxc=
+github.com/rivo/uniseg v0.4.7 h1:WUdvkW8uEhrYfLC4ZzdpI2ztxP1I582+49Oc5Mq64VQ=
+github.com/rivo/uniseg v0.4.7/go.mod h1:FN3SvrM+Zdj16jyLfmOkMNblXMcoc8DfTHruCPUcx88=
+github.com/russross/blackfriday/v2 v2.1.0/go.mod h1:+Rmxgy9KzJVeS9/2gXHxylqXiyQDYRxCVz55jmeOWTM=
+github.com/spf13/cobra v1.8.0 h1:7aJaZx1B85qltLMc546zn58BxxfZdR/W22ej9CFoEf0=
+github.com/spf13/cobra v1.8.0/go.mod h1:WXLWApfZ71AjXPya3WOlMsY9yMs7YeiHhFVlvLyhcho=
+github.com/spf13/pflag v1.0.5 h1:iy+VFUOCP1a+8yFto/drg2CJ5u0yRoB7fZw3DKv/JXA=
+github.com/spf13/pflag v1.0.5/go.mod h1:McXfInJRrz4CZXVZOBLb0bTZqETkiAhM9Iw0y3An2Bg=
+github.com/stretchr/testify v1.9.0 h1:HtqpIVDClZ4nwg75+f6Lvsy/wHu+3BoSGCbBAcpTsTg=
+github.com/stretchr/testify v1.9.0/go.mod h1:r2ic/lqez/lEtzL7wO/rwa5dbSLXVDPFyf8C91i36aY=
+go.uber.org/goleak v1.3.0 h1:2K3zAYmnTNqV73imy9J1T3WC+gmCePx2hEGkimedGto=
+go.uber.org/goleak v1.3.0/go.mod h1:CoHD4mav9JJNrW/WLlf7HGZPjdw8EucARQHekz1X6bE=
+go.uber.org/multierr v1.11.0 h1:blXXJkSxSSfBVBlC76pxqeO+LN3aDfLQo+309xJstO0=
+go.uber.org/multierr v1.11.0/go.mod h1:20+QtiLqy0Nd6FdQB9TLXag12DsQkrbs3htMFfDN80Y=
+go.uber.org/zap v1.27.0 h1:aJMhYGrd5QSmlpLMr2MftRKl7t8J8PTZPA732ud/XR8=
+go.uber.org/zap v1.27.0/go.mod h1:GB2qFLM7cTU87MWRP2mPIjqfIDnGu+VIO4V/SdhGo2E=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.21.0 h1:X31++rzVUdKhX5sWmSOFZxx8UW/ldWx55cbf08iNAMA=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.21.0/go.mod h1:0BP7YvVV9gBbVKyeTG0Gyn+gZm94bibOW5BjDEYAOMs=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220811171246-fbc7d0a398ab/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.6.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.18.0 h1:DBdB3niSjOA/O0blCZBqDefyWNYveAYMNF1Wum0DYQ4=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.18.0/go.mod h1:/VUhepiaJMQUp4+oa/7Zr1D23ma6VTLIYjOOTFZPUcA=
+golang.org/x/term v0.18.0 h1:FcHjZXDMxI8mM3nwhX9HlKop4C0YQvCVCdwYl2wOtE8=
+golang.org/x/term v0.18.0/go.mod h1:ILwASektA3OnRv7amZ1xhE/KTR+u50pbXfZ03+6Nx58=
+gopkg.in/check.v1 v0.0.0-20161208181325-20d25e280405 h1:yhCVgyC4o1eVCa2tZl7eS0r+SDo693bJlVdllGtEeKM=
+gopkg.in/check.v1 v0.0.0-20161208181325-20d25e280405/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
+gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 h1:fxVm/GzAzEWqLHuvctI91KS9hhNmmWOoWu0XTYJS7CA=
+gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+package fio
+
+type Benchmark struct {
+	Name    string
+	Command string
+}
+
+var benchmarks = []Benchmark{
+	{
+		Name: "Random writing of 1MB",
+		Command: "fio --rw randwrite --runtime 30 --time_based --unlink 1 --output-format json " +
+			"--size 1MB --name unnamed --numjobs 1 --iodepth 1 --end_fsync 1",
+	},
+	{
+		Name: "Random writing of 10MB",
+		Command: "fio --rw randwrite --runtime 30 --time_based --unlink 1 --output-format json " +
+			"--size 10MB --name unnamed --numjobs 1 --iodepth 1 --end_fsync 1",
+	},
+	{
+		Name: "Random writing of 100MB",
+		Command: "fio --rw randwrite --runtime 30 --time_based --unlink 1 --output-format json " +
+			"--size 100MB --name unnamed --numjobs 1 --iodepth 1 --end_fsync 1",
+	},
+	{
+		Name: "Random writing of 1000MB",
+		Command: "fio --rw randwrite --runtime 30 --time_based --unlink 1 --output-format json " +
+			"--size 1000MB --name unnamed --numjobs 1 --iodepth 1 --end_fsync 1",
+	},
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+package fio
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/cirruslabs/tart/benchmark/internal/executor"
+	"github.com/cirruslabs/tart/benchmark/internal/executor/local"
+	"github.com/cirruslabs/tart/benchmark/internal/executor/tart"
+	"github.com/dustin/go-humanize"
+	"github.com/gosuri/uitable"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+	"go.uber.org/zap"
+)
+
+var debug bool
+
+func NewCommand() *cobra.Command {
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:   "fio",
+		Short: "run Flexible I/O tester (fio) benchmarks",
+		RunE:  run,
+	}
+
+	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&debug, "debug", false, "enable debug logging")
+
+	return cmd
+}
+
+func run(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+	config := zap.NewProductionConfig()
+	if debug {
+		config.Level = zap.NewAtomicLevelAt(zap.DebugLevel)
+	}
+	logger, err := config.Build()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		_ = logger.Sync()
+	}()
+
+	executors, err := initializeExecutors(cmd.Context(), logger)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		errs := []error{err}
+
+		for _, executor := range executors {
+			if err := executor.Close(); err != nil {
+				errs = append(errs, fmt.Errorf("failed to close executor %s: %w", executor.Name(), err))
+			}
+		}
+
+		err = errors.Join(errs...)
+	}()
+
+	table := uitable.New()
+	table.AddRow("Name", "Executor", "Bandwidth", "I/O operations")
+
+	for _, benchmark := range benchmarks {
+		for _, executor := range executors {
+			logger.Sugar().Infof("running benchmark %q on %s executor", benchmark.Name, executor.Name())
+
+			stdout, err := executor.Run(cmd.Context(), benchmark.Command)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+
+			var fioResult Result
+
+			if err := json.Unmarshal(stdout, &fioResult); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+
+			if len(fioResult.Jobs) != 1 {
+				return fmt.Errorf("expected exactly 1 job from fio's JSON output, got %d",
+					len(fioResult.Jobs))
+			}
+
+			job := fioResult.Jobs[0]
+
+			writeBandwidth := humanize.Bytes(uint64(job.Write.BW)*humanize.KByte) + "/s"
+			writeIOPS := humanize.SIWithDigits(job.Write.IOPS, 2, "IOPS")
+
+			logger.Sugar().Infof("write bandwidth: %s, write IOPS: %s\n", writeBandwidth, writeIOPS)
+
+			table.AddRow(benchmark.Name, executor.Name(), writeBandwidth, writeIOPS)
+		}
+	}
+
+	fmt.Println(table.String())
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func initializeExecutors(ctx context.Context, logger *zap.Logger) ([]executor.Executor, error) {
+	var result []executor.Executor
+
+	logger.Info("initializing local executor")
+
+	local, err := local.New(logger)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	result = append(result, local)
+
+	logger.Info("local executor initialized")
+
+	logger.Info("initializing Tart executor")
+
+	tart, err := tart.New(ctx, logger)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	result = append(result, tart)
+
+	logger.Info("Tart executor initialized")
+
+	for _, executor := range result {
+		logger.Sugar().Infof("installing Flexible I/O tester (fio) on %s executor", executor.Name())
+
+		if _, err := executor.Run(ctx, "brew install fio"); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	return result, nil
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+package fio
+
+type Result struct {
+	Jobs []Job `json:"jobs"`
+}
+
+type Job struct {
+	Name  string `json:"jobname"`
+	Write Write  `json:"write"`
+}
+
+type Write struct {
+	BW   float64 `json:"bw"`
+	IOPS float64 `json:"iops"`
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+package command
+
+import (
+	"github.com/cirruslabs/tart/benchmark/internal/command/fio"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+)
+
+func NewCommand() *cobra.Command {
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:           "benchmark",
+		SilenceUsage:  true,
+		SilenceErrors: true,
+	}
+
+	cmd.AddCommand(
+		fio.NewCommand(),
+	)
+
+	return cmd
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+package executor
+
+import (
+	"context"
+)
+
+type Executor interface {
+	Name() string
+	Run(ctx context.Context, command string) ([]byte, error)
+	Close() error
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+package local
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"go.uber.org/zap"
+	"go.uber.org/zap/zapio"
+	"io"
+	"os/exec"
+)
+
+type Local struct {
+	logger *zap.Logger
+}
+
+func New(logger *zap.Logger) (*Local, error) {
+	return &Local{
+		logger: logger,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func (local *Local) Name() string {
+	return "local"
+}
+
+func (local *Local) Run(ctx context.Context, command string) ([]byte, error) {
+	cmd := exec.CommandContext(ctx, "zsh", "-c", command)
+
+	loggerWriter := &zapio.Writer{Log: local.logger, Level: zap.DebugLevel}
+	stdoutBuf := &bytes.Buffer{}
+
+	cmd.Stdout = io.MultiWriter(stdoutBuf, loggerWriter)
+	cmd.Stderr = loggerWriter
+
+	err := cmd.Run()
+
+	return stdoutBuf.Bytes(), err
+}
+
+func (local *Local) Close() error {
+	return nil
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+package local_test
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"github.com/cirruslabs/tart/benchmark/internal/executor/local"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"go.uber.org/zap"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestLocal(t *testing.T) {
+	local, err := local.New(zap.NewNop())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	output, err := local.Run(context.Background(), "echo \"this is a test\"")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, "this is a test\n", string(output))
+
+	require.NoError(t, local.Close())
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+package tart
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"go.uber.org/zap"
+	"go.uber.org/zap/zapio"
+	"io"
+	"os/exec"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+const tartBinaryName = "tart"
+
+func Cmd(ctx context.Context, logger *zap.Logger, args ...string) error {
+	_, err := CmdWithOutput(ctx, logger, args...)
+
+	return err
+}
+
+func CmdWithOutput(ctx context.Context, logger *zap.Logger, args ...string) (string, error) {
+	logger.Sugar().Debugf("running %s %s", tartBinaryName, strings.Join(args, " "))
+
+	cmd := exec.CommandContext(ctx, tartBinaryName, args...)
+
+	loggerWriter := &zapio.Writer{Log: logger, Level: zap.DebugLevel}
+	stdoutBuf := &bytes.Buffer{}
+
+	cmd.Stdout = io.MultiWriter(stdoutBuf, loggerWriter)
+	cmd.Stderr = loggerWriter
+
+	err := cmd.Run()
+
+	return stdoutBuf.String(), err
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+package tart
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/avast/retry-go/v4"
+	"github.com/google/uuid"
+	"go.uber.org/zap"
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/ssh"
+	"net"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+)
+
+const baseImage = "ghcr.io/cirruslabs/macos-sonoma-base:latest"
+
+type Tart struct {
+	vmRunCancel context.CancelFunc
+	vmName      string
+	sshClient   *ssh.Client
+	logger      *zap.Logger
+}
+
+func New(ctx context.Context, logger *zap.Logger) (*Tart, error) {
+	tart := &Tart{
+		vmName: fmt.Sprintf("tart-benchmark-%s", uuid.NewString()),
+		logger: logger,
+	}
+
+	if err := Cmd(ctx, tart.logger, "pull", baseImage); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if err := Cmd(ctx, tart.logger, "clone", baseImage, tart.vmName); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	vmRunCtx, vmRunCancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
+	tart.vmRunCancel = vmRunCancel
+
+	go func() {
+		_ = Cmd(vmRunCtx, tart.logger, "run", "--no-graphics", tart.vmName)
+	}()
+
+	ip, err := CmdWithOutput(ctx, tart.logger, "ip", "--wait", "60", tart.vmName)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, tart.Close()
+	}
+
+	err = retry.Do(func() error {
+		dialer := net.Dialer{
+			Timeout: 1 * time.Second,
+		}
+
+		addr := fmt.Sprintf("%s:22", strings.TrimSpace(ip))
+
+		netConn, err := dialer.DialContext(ctx, "tcp", addr)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		sshConn, chans, reqs, err := ssh.NewClientConn(netConn, addr, &ssh.ClientConfig{
+			User: "admin",
+			Auth: []ssh.AuthMethod{
+				ssh.Password("admin"),
+			},
+			HostKeyCallback: func(_ string, _ net.Addr, _ ssh.PublicKey) error {
+				return nil
+			},
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		tart.sshClient = ssh.NewClient(sshConn, chans, reqs)
+
+		return nil
+	}, retry.RetryIf(func(err error) bool {
+		return !errors.Is(err, context.Canceled)
+	}))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, tart.Close()
+	}
+
+	return tart, nil
+}
+
+func (tart *Tart) Name() string {
+	return "Tart"
+}
+
+func (tart *Tart) Run(ctx context.Context, command string) ([]byte, error) {
+	sshSession, err := tart.sshClient.NewSession()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// Work around x/crypto/ssh not being context.Context-friendly (e.g. https://github.com/golang/go/issues/20288)
+	monitorCtx, monitorCancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
+	go func() {
+		<-monitorCtx.Done()
+		_ = sshSession.Close()
+	}()
+	defer monitorCancel()
+
+	stdoutBuf := &bytes.Buffer{}
+
+	sshSession.Stdin = bytes.NewBufferString(command)
+	sshSession.Stdout = stdoutBuf
+
+	if err := sshSession.Shell(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if err := sshSession.Wait(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return stdoutBuf.Bytes(), nil
+}
+
+func (tart *Tart) Close() error {
+	if tart.sshClient != nil {
+		_ = tart.sshClient.Close()
+	}
+
+	tart.vmRunCancel()
+	_ = Cmd(context.Background(), tart.logger, "delete", tart.vmName)
+
+	return nil
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+package tart_test
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"github.com/cirruslabs/tart/benchmark/internal/executor/tart"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"go.uber.org/zap"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestTart(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	tart, err := tart.New(ctx, zap.NewNop())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	output, err := tart.Run(ctx, "echo \"this is a test\"")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, "this is a test\n", string(output))
+
+	require.NoError(t, tart.Close())
+}
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ and before reaching the 100 CPU cores limit is royalty-free and does not have th

 When an organization surpasses the 100 CPU cores limit, they will be required to obtain a [Gold Tier License](/licensing#license-tiers),
 which costs \$1000 per month. Upon reaching a limit of 500 CPU cores, a [Platinum Tier License](/licensing#license-tiers)
-(\$5000 per month) will be required, and for organizations that exceed 5000 CPU cores, a custom [Diamond Tier License](/licensing#license-tiers)
+(\$3000 per month) will be required, and for organizations that exceed 3000 CPU cores, a custom [Diamond Tier License](/licensing#license-tiers)
 (\$1 per core per month) will be necessary. **All paid license tiers will include priority feature development and SLAs on support with urgent issues.**

 ## Have we considered alternatives?
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+---
+draft: false
+date: 2023-10-06
+search:
+  exclude: true
+authors:
+  - fkorotkov
+categories:
+  - announcement
+---
+
+# Tart is now available on AWS Marketplace
+
+Announcing [official AMIs for EC2 Mac Instances](https://aws.amazon.com/marketplace/pp/prodview-qczco34wlkdws)
+with preconfigured Tart installation that is optimized to work within AWS infrastructure.
+
+EC2 Mac Instances is a gem of engineering powered by AWS Nitro devices. Just imagine there is a physical Mac Mini with
+a plugged in Nitro device that can push the physical power button!
+
+![EC2 M2 Pro](/blog/images/ec2-mac2-m2pro.png)
+
+This clever synergy between Apple Hardware and Nitro System allows seamless integration with VPC networking and booting macOS from an EBS volume.
+
+In this blog post we’ll see how a virtualization solution like Tart can compliment and elevate experience with EC2 Mac Instances.
+
+<!-- more -->
+
+Let’s start from the basics, what EC2 Mac Instances allow to do compared to physical Mac Minis seating in offices of
+many companies around the world?
+
+First and foremost, EC2 Mac Instances sit inside AWS data centers and can leverage all the goodies of VPC networking
+within your company's existing infrastructure. No need to connect your Macs in the office through a VPN and deal
+with networking and security.
+
+Additionally, EC2 Mac Instances are booting from EBS volumes which means it is possible to always have reproducible instances
+and apply all the best practices of Infrastructure-as-Code. Managing a fleet of physical Macs is a pain and it's very hard
+to make them configured in a reproducible and stable way. With booting from identical EBS volumes your team is always sure
+about the identical initial state of the fleet.
+
+## Compromises of EC2 Mac Instances
+
+The flexibility of EBS volumes for macOS comes with some compromises that virtualization solutions like Tart can help with.
+The initial boot from an EBS volume takes some time and not instant. macOS itself is pretty heavy and a Nitro device needs
+to download tens of gigabytes that macOS requires in order to boot. This means that **resetting a EC2 Mac Instance to a clean state
+is not instant and usually takes a couple of minutes** when you can’t utilize the precious resources for your workloads.
+
+It is much easier to tailor such EBS volumes with tools like Packer but there is still a **friction to test newly created EBS volumes**
+since one needs to start and run a EC2 Mac Instance and it’s not possible to test things locally. Similarly it is even harder
+to test beta versions of macOS that require manual interaction with a running instance.
+
+## Solution
+
+Tart can help with all the compromises! Tart virtual machines (VMs) have nearly native performance thanks to utilizing
+native `Virtualization.Framework` that was developed along the first Apple Silicon chip. **Tart VMs can be copied/disposed
+instantly and booting a fresh Tart VM takes only several seconds**. It is also possible to run two different Tart VMs in parallel
+that can have completely different versions of macOS and packages. For example, it is possible to have the latest stable macOS
+with the release version of Xcode along with the next version of macOS with the latest beta of Xcode.
+
+Creation of Tart VMs can be automated with [a Packer plugin](https://github.com/cirruslabs/packer-plugin-tart) the same way as
+creation of EC2 AMIs with one caveat that **Tart Packer Plugin works locally so you can test the same virtual machine locally
+as you would run it in the cloud**.
+
+Lightweight nature of Tart VMs with a focus on an easy-to-integrate Tart CLI compliments any macOS automation and helps to reduce
+the feedback cycle and improves reproducibility of macOS environments even further.
+
+## Conclusion
+
+We are excited to bring [official AMIs that include Tart installation optimized to work within AWS](https://aws.amazon.com/marketplace/pp/prodview-qczco34wlkdws).
+In the coming weeks when macOS Sonoma will become available on AWS we’ll release another update specifically targeting EC2 Mac Instances. 
+This update will simplify access to local SSDs of Mac Instances that are slightly faster than EBS volumes. Stay tuned and don’t hesitate
+to ask any [questions](https://tart.run/licensing/).
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+---
+draft: false
+date: 2023-11-03
+search:
+  exclude: true
+authors:
+  - fkorotkov
+categories:
+  - announcement
+---
+
+# New dashboard with insights into performance of Cirrus Runners
+
+This month we are celebrating one year since launching Cirrus Runners — managed Apple Silicon infrastructure for your
+GitHub Actions. During the last 12 months we ran millions of workflows for our customers and now ready to share some insights
+into price performance of them for our customers.
+
+One of the key difference with Cirrus Runners is how they are getting billed for. Customers purchase Cirrus Runners via monthly subscription
+that costs $150 per each Cirrus Runner. Each runner can be used 24 hours a day 7 days a week to run GitHub Actions workflows
+for an organization. If there are more outstanding jobs than available runners then they are queued and executed as soon as
+there is a free runner. This is different from how GitHub-managed GitHub Actions are billed for — you pay for each minute of execution time.
+
+The benefit of a fixed price is that you can run as many jobs as you want without worrying about the cost. The downside is that
+you need to make sure that you are using your runners efficiently. This is where the new dashboard comes in handy.
+
+<!-- more -->
+
+But first, **let's see theoretically the lowest price per minute** of a Cirrus Runners. If you run 24 hours a day 7 days a week
+then you will get 43,200 minutes of execution time per month. This means that the price per minute is $0.0035 if your runners
+utilization is 100%. But even if your engineering teams is located in a single time zone and works 8 hours a day 5 days a week
+then you will get 9,600 minutes of execution time per month which comes down to $0.015 per-minute. This is still more than 10 times cheaper
+than recently announced Apple Silicon GitHub-manged runners that cost $0.16 per minute.
+
+Now lets take a look at the new Cirrus Runners dashboard of a real customers that run their workflows on Cirrus Runners
+and **practically pushing the price performance pretty close to the theoretical minimum**.
+
+![Cirrus Runners Dashboard](/blog/images/runners-price-performance-2.png)
+
+As you can see above Cirrus Runners Dashboard focuses on 4 core metrics:
+
+1. **Minutes Used** — overall amount of minutes that Cirrus Runners were executing jobs.
+2. **Workflow Runs** — absolute number of workflow runs that were executed on Cirrus Runners.
+3. **Queue Size** — number of jobs that were queued and waiting for a free Cirrus Runner.
+4. **Queue Time** — average time that jobs were waiting in the queue.
+
+In this particular example price performance of Cirrus Runners is $0.006 per minute which is 2 times more than the theoretical minimum
+and **26 times better than GitHub-managed Apple Silicon runners**. But this is a extreme example, looking at queue time and queue size
+we can see that the downside of such great price performance is that jobs are waiting in the queue on average around 5 minutes.
+
+Here is another example of Cirrus Runners Dashboard for a different customer that has a slightly higher price performance of $0.017 per minute
+but at the same time doesn't experience queue time at all. **Note that $0.017 is still 10 times cheaper than GitHub-managed Apple Silicon runners**.
+
+![Cirrus Runners Dashboard](/blog/images/runners-price-performance-3.png)
+
+## Conclusion
+
+Having a fixed price for Cirrus Runners is a great way to save money on your CI/CD infrastructure and just in general have predictable budged.
+But it requires keeping the balance between price per minute and queue time. Cirrus Runners Dashboard helps you to keep an eye on this balance
+and make sure that you are getting the most out of your Cirrus Runners.
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More