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Silas Della Contrada 2023-06-26 14:24:53 +02:00
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@ -5,8 +5,7 @@ Learn how to work with the Postgres Operator in a Kubernetes (K8s) environment.
## Create a manifest for a new PostgreSQL cluster ## Create a manifest for a new PostgreSQL cluster
Make sure you have [set up](quickstart.md) the operator. Then you can create a Make sure you have [set up](quickstart.md) the operator. Then you can create a
new Postgres cluster by applying manifest like new Postgres cluster by applying manifest like this [minimal example](https://github.com/zalando/postgres-operator/blob/master/manifests/minimal-postgres-manifest.yaml):
this [minimal example](https://github.com/zalando/postgres-operator/blob/master/manifests/minimal-postgres-manifest.yaml):
```yaml ```yaml
apiVersion: "acid.zalan.do/v1" apiVersion: "acid.zalan.do/v1"
@ -108,7 +107,7 @@ kind: postgresql
metadata: metadata:
name: acid-minimal-cluster name: acid-minimal-cluster
spec: spec:
[ ... ] [...]
postgresql: postgresql:
version: "15" version: "15"
parameters: parameters:
@ -121,11 +120,11 @@ Postgres Operator allows defining roles to be created in the resulting database
cluster. It covers three use-cases: cluster. It covers three use-cases:
* `manifest roles`: create application roles specific to the cluster described * `manifest roles`: create application roles specific to the cluster described
in the manifest. in the manifest.
* `infrastructure roles`: create application roles that should be automatically * `infrastructure roles`: create application roles that should be automatically
created on every cluster managed by the operator. created on every cluster managed by the operator.
* `teams API roles`: automatically create users for every member of the team * `teams API roles`: automatically create users for every member of the team
owning the database cluster. owning the database cluster.
In the next sections, we will cover those use cases in more details. Note, that In the next sections, we will cover those use cases in more details. Note, that
the Postgres Operator can also create databases with pre-defined owner, reader the Postgres Operator can also create databases with pre-defined owner, reader
@ -142,8 +141,7 @@ Manifest roles are defined as a dictionary, with a role name as a key and a
list of role options as a value. For a role without any options it is best to list of role options as a value. For a role without any options it is best to
supply the empty list `[]`. It is also possible to leave this field empty as in supply the empty list `[]`. It is also possible to leave this field empty as in
our example manifests. In certain cases such empty field may be missing later our example manifests. In certain cases such empty field may be missing later
removed by removed by K8s [due to the `null` value it gets](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/overview/object-management-kubectl/declarative-config/#how-apply-calculates-differences-and-merges-changes)
K8s [due to the `null` value it gets](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/overview/object-management-kubectl/declarative-config/#how-apply-calculates-differences-and-merges-changes)
(`foobar_user:` is equivalent to `foobar_user: null`). (`foobar_user:` is equivalent to `foobar_user: null`).
The operator accepts the following options: `superuser`, `inherit`, `login`, The operator accepts the following options: `superuser`, `inherit`, `login`,
@ -245,8 +243,7 @@ Note, only the CRD-based configuration allows for referencing multiple secrets.
As of now, the ConfigMap is restricted to either one or the existing template As of now, the ConfigMap is restricted to either one or the existing template
option with `infrastructure_roles_secret_name`. Please, refer to the example option with `infrastructure_roles_secret_name`. Please, refer to the example
manifests to understand how `infrastructure_roles_secrets` has to be configured manifests to understand how `infrastructure_roles_secrets` has to be configured
for the [configmap](https://github.com/zalando/postgres-operator/blob/master/manifests/configmap.yaml) for the [configmap](https://github.com/zalando/postgres-operator/blob/master/manifests/configmap.yaml) or [CRD configuration](https://github.com/zalando/postgres-operator/blob/master/manifests/postgresql-operator-default-configuration.yaml).
or [CRD configuration](https://github.com/zalando/postgres-operator/blob/master/manifests/postgresql-operator-default-configuration.yaml).
If both `infrastructure_roles_secret_name` and `infrastructure_roles_secrets` If both `infrastructure_roles_secret_name` and `infrastructure_roles_secrets`
are defined the operator will create roles for both of them. So make sure, are defined the operator will create roles for both of them. So make sure,
@ -308,8 +305,7 @@ returns usernames. A minimal Teams API should work like this:
/.../<teamname> -> ["name","anothername"] /.../<teamname> -> ["name","anothername"]
``` ```
A ["fake" Teams API](https://github.com/zalando/postgres-operator/blob/master/manifests/fake-teams-api.yaml) deployment A ["fake" Teams API](https://github.com/zalando/postgres-operator/blob/master/manifests/fake-teams-api.yaml) deployment is provided
is provided
in the manifests folder to set up a basic API around whatever services is used in the manifests folder to set up a basic API around whatever services is used
for user management. The Teams API's URL is set in the operator's for user management. The Teams API's URL is set in the operator's
[configuration](reference/operator_parameters.md#automatic-creation-of-human-users-in-the-database) [configuration](reference/operator_parameters.md#automatic-creation-of-human-users-in-the-database)
@ -324,14 +320,12 @@ Postgres clusters are associated with one team by providing the `teamID` in
the manifest. Additional superuser teams can be configured as mentioned in the manifest. Additional superuser teams can be configured as mentioned in
the previous paragraph. However, this is a global setting. To assign the previous paragraph. However, this is a global setting. To assign
additional teams, superuser teams and single users to clusters of a given additional teams, superuser teams and single users to clusters of a given
team, use team, use the [PostgresTeam CRD](https://github.com/zalando/postgres-operator/blob/master/manifests/postgresteam.crd.yaml).
the [PostgresTeam CRD](https://github.com/zalando/postgres-operator/blob/master/manifests/postgresteam.crd.yaml).
Note, by default the `PostgresTeam` support is disabled in the configuration. Note, by default the `PostgresTeam` support is disabled in the configuration.
Switch `enable_postgres_team_crd` flag to `true` and the operator will start to Switch `enable_postgres_team_crd` flag to `true` and the operator will start to
watch for this CRD. Make sure, the cluster role is up to date and contains a watch for this CRD. Make sure, the cluster role is up to date and contains a
section section for [PostgresTeam](https://github.com/zalando/postgres-operator/blob/master/manifests/operator-service-account-rbac.yaml#L30).
for [PostgresTeam](https://github.com/zalando/postgres-operator/blob/master/manifests/operator-service-account-rbac.yaml#L30).
#### Additional teams #### Additional teams
@ -495,7 +489,7 @@ called `data`.
```yaml ```yaml
spec: spec:
preparedDatabases: { } preparedDatabases: {}
``` ```
### Default NOLOGIN roles ### Default NOLOGIN roles
@ -507,13 +501,13 @@ spec:
preparedDatabases: preparedDatabases:
foo: foo:
schemas: schemas:
bar: { } bar: {}
``` ```
Postgres Operator will create the following NOLOGIN roles: Postgres Operator will create the following NOLOGIN roles:
| Role name | Member of | Admin | | Role name | Member of | Admin |
|----------------|----------------|---------------| | -------------- | -------------- | ------------- |
| foo_owner | | admin | | foo_owner | | admin |
| foo_reader | | foo_owner | | foo_reader | | foo_owner |
| foo_writer | foo_reader | foo_owner | | foo_writer | foo_reader | foo_owner |
@ -523,8 +517,7 @@ Postgres Operator will create the following NOLOGIN roles:
The `<dbname>_owner` role is the database owner and should be used when creating The `<dbname>_owner` role is the database owner and should be used when creating
new database objects. All members of the `admin` role, e.g. teams API roles, can new database objects. All members of the `admin` role, e.g. teams API roles, can
become the owner with the `SET ROLE` become the owner with the `SET ROLE` command. [Default privileges](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/15/sql-alterdefaultprivileges.html)
command. [Default privileges](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/15/sql-alterdefaultprivileges.html)
are configured for the owner role so that the `<dbname>_reader` role are configured for the owner role so that the `<dbname>_reader` role
automatically gets read-access (SELECT) to new tables and sequences and the automatically gets read-access (SELECT) to new tables and sequences and the
`<dbname>_writer` receives write-access (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE on tables, `<dbname>_writer` receives write-access (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE on tables,
@ -559,7 +552,7 @@ counterparts. Therefore, you cannot have `defaultRoles` set to `false` and enabl
`defaultUsers` at the same time. `defaultUsers` at the same time.
| Role name | Member of | Admin | | Role name | Member of | Admin |
|---------------------|----------------|---------------| | ------------------- | -------------- | ------------- |
| foo_owner_user | foo_owner | admin | | foo_owner_user | foo_owner | admin |
| foo_reader_user | foo_reader | foo_owner | | foo_reader_user | foo_reader | foo_owner |
| foo_writer_user | foo_writer | foo_owner | | foo_writer_user | foo_writer | foo_owner |
@ -663,7 +656,7 @@ spec:
preparedDatabases: preparedDatabases:
foo: foo:
schemas: schemas:
my_existing_schema: { } my_existing_schema: {}
``` ```
Adding existing database schemas to the manifest to create roles for them as Adding existing database schemas to the manifest to create roles for them as
@ -697,8 +690,8 @@ configured [default requests](reference/operator_parameters.md#kubernetes-resour
### HugePages support ### HugePages support
The operator supports [HugePages](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/15/kernel-resources.html#LINUX-HUGEPAGES). To enable The operator supports [HugePages](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/15/kernel-resources.html#LINUX-HUGEPAGES).
HugePages, set the matching resource requests and/or limits in the manifest: To enable HugePages, set the matching resource requests and/or limits in the manifest:
```yaml ```yaml
spec: spec:
@ -711,8 +704,8 @@ spec:
hugepages-1Gi: 2Gi hugepages-1Gi: 2Gi
``` ```
There are no minimums or maximums, but Kubernetes will not spin up the pod if the requested HugePages cannot be There are no minimums or maximums and the default is 0 for both HugePage sizes,
allocated. but Kubernetes will not spin up the pod if the requested HugePages cannot be allocated.
## Use taints, tolerations and node affinity for dedicated PostgreSQL nodes ## Use taints, tolerations and node affinity for dedicated PostgreSQL nodes
@ -730,8 +723,7 @@ spec:
effect: NoSchedule effect: NoSchedule
``` ```
If you need the pods to be scheduled on specific nodes you may If you need the pods to be scheduled on specific nodes you may use [node affinity](https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/assign-pods-nodes-using-node-affinity/)
use [node affinity](https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/assign-pods-nodes-using-node-affinity/)
to specify a set of label(s), of which a prospective host node must have at least one. This could be used to to specify a set of label(s), of which a prospective host node must have at least one. This could be used to
place nodes with certain hardware capabilities (e.g. SSD drives) in certain environments or network segments, place nodes with certain hardware capabilities (e.g. SSD drives) in certain environments or network segments,
e.g. for PCI compliance. e.g. for PCI compliance.
@ -819,6 +811,7 @@ or [Azure](administrator.md#azure-setup)
it can only be set globally with [custom Pod environment variables](administrator.md#custom-pod-environment-variables) it can only be set globally with [custom Pod environment variables](administrator.md#custom-pod-environment-variables)
or locally in the Postgres manifest's [`env`](administrator.md#via-postgres-cluster-manifest) section. or locally in the Postgres manifest's [`env`](administrator.md#via-postgres-cluster-manifest) section.
For non AWS S3 following settings can be set to support cloning from other S3 For non AWS S3 following settings can be set to support cloning from other S3
implementations: implementations:
@ -893,8 +886,7 @@ point you should restore.
## Setting up a standby cluster ## Setting up a standby cluster
Standby cluster is Standby cluster is a [Patroni feature](https://github.com/zalando/patroni/blob/master/docs/replica_bootstrap.rst#standby-cluster)
a [Patroni feature](https://github.com/zalando/patroni/blob/master/docs/replica_bootstrap.rst#standby-cluster)
that first clones a database, and keeps replicating changes afterwards. It can that first clones a database, and keeps replicating changes afterwards. It can
exist in a different location than its source database, but unlike cloning, exist in a different location than its source database, but unlike cloning,
the PostgreSQL version between source and target cluster has to be the same. the PostgreSQL version between source and target cluster has to be the same.
@ -943,10 +935,10 @@ standby, postgres etc.) all have a password that does not match the credentials
stored in secrets which are created by the operator. You have two options: stored in secrets which are created by the operator. You have two options:
a. Create secrets manually beforehand and paste the credentials of the source a. Create secrets manually beforehand and paste the credentials of the source
cluster cluster
b. Let the operator create the secrets when it bootstraps the standby cluster. b. Let the operator create the secrets when it bootstraps the standby cluster.
Patch the secrets with the credentials of the source cluster. Replace the Patch the secrets with the credentials of the source cluster. Replace the
spilo pods. spilo pods.
Otherwise, you will see errors in the Postgres logs saying users cannot log in Otherwise, you will see errors in the Postgres logs saying users cannot log in
and the operator logs will complain about not being able to sync resources. and the operator logs will complain about not being able to sync resources.
@ -1019,10 +1011,10 @@ spec:
In addition to any environment variables you specify, the following environment In addition to any environment variables you specify, the following environment
variables are always passed to sidecars: variables are always passed to sidecars:
- `POD_NAME` - field reference to `metadata.name` - `POD_NAME` - field reference to `metadata.name`
- `POD_NAMESPACE` - field reference to `metadata.namespace` - `POD_NAMESPACE` - field reference to `metadata.namespace`
- `POSTGRES_USER` - the superuser that can be used to connect to the database - `POSTGRES_USER` - the superuser that can be used to connect to the database
- `POSTGRES_PASSWORD` - the password for the superuser - `POSTGRES_PASSWORD` - the password for the superuser
The PostgreSQL volume is shared with sidecars and is mounted at The PostgreSQL volume is shared with sidecars and is mounted at
`/home/postgres/pgdata`. `/home/postgres/pgdata`.
@ -1031,8 +1023,7 @@ The PostgreSQL volume is shared with sidecars and is mounted at
specified but globally disabled in the configuration. The `enable_sidecars` specified but globally disabled in the configuration. The `enable_sidecars`
option must be set to `true`. option must be set to `true`.
If you want to add a sidecar to every cluster managed by the operator, you can specify it in If you want to add a sidecar to every cluster managed by the operator, you can specify it in the [operator configuration](administrator.md#sidecars-for-postgres-clusters) instead.
the [operator configuration](administrator.md#sidecars-for-postgres-clusters) instead.
### Accessing the PostgreSQL socket from sidecars ### Accessing the PostgreSQL socket from sidecars
@ -1061,7 +1052,7 @@ spec:
targetContainers: targetContainers:
- all - all
volumeSource: volumeSource:
emptyDir: { } emptyDir: {}
sidecars: sidecars:
- name: "container-name" - name: "container-name"
image: "company/image:tag" image: "company/image:tag"
@ -1140,8 +1131,7 @@ spec:
``` ```
The operator will create and sync a K8s cron job to do periodic logical backups The operator will create and sync a K8s cron job to do periodic logical backups
of this particular Postgres cluster. Due to of this particular Postgres cluster. Due to the [limitation of K8s cron jobs](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/cron-jobs/#cron-job-limitations)
the [limitation of K8s cron jobs](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/cron-jobs/#cron-job-limitations)
it is highly advisable to set up additional monitoring for this feature; such it is highly advisable to set up additional monitoring for this feature; such
monitoring is outside the scope of operator responsibilities. See monitoring is outside the scope of operator responsibilities. See
[configuration reference](reference/cluster_manifest.md) and [configuration reference](reference/cluster_manifest.md) and
@ -1230,13 +1220,11 @@ Therefore, instead of using a global `spilo_fsgroup` setting in operator
configuration or use the `spiloFSGroup` field per Postgres cluster manifest. configuration or use the `spiloFSGroup` field per Postgres cluster manifest.
For testing purposes, you can generate a self-signed certificate with openssl: For testing purposes, you can generate a self-signed certificate with openssl:
```sh ```sh
openssl req -x509 -nodes -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout tls.key -out tls.crt -subj "/CN=acid.zalan.do" openssl req -x509 -nodes -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout tls.key -out tls.crt -subj "/CN=acid.zalan.do"
``` ```
Upload the cert as a kubernetes secret: Upload the cert as a kubernetes secret:
```sh ```sh
kubectl create secret tls pg-tls \ kubectl create secret tls pg-tls \
--key tls.key \ --key tls.key \
@ -1244,7 +1232,6 @@ kubectl create secret tls pg-tls \
``` ```
When doing client auth, CA can come optionally from the same secret: When doing client auth, CA can come optionally from the same secret:
```sh ```sh
kubectl create secret generic pg-tls \ kubectl create secret generic pg-tls \
--from-file=tls.crt=server.crt \ --from-file=tls.crt=server.crt \
@ -1267,7 +1254,6 @@ spec:
``` ```
Optionally, the CA can be provided by a different secret: Optionally, the CA can be provided by a different secret:
```sh ```sh
kubectl create secret generic pg-tls-ca --from-file=ca.crt=ca.crt kubectl create secret generic pg-tls-ca --from-file=ca.crt=ca.crt
``` ```