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PiKVM Handbook
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Authentication
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Device guides
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Device guides
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../v4/" class="md-nav__link">
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PiKVM V4 Mini &amp; Plus
</span>
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</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../v3/" class="md-nav__link">
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PiKVM V3
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<a href="../switch/" class="md-nav__link">
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PiKVM Switch
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DIY PiKVM V2
</span>
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DIY PiKVM V1
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Getting started
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Getting started
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Cheat Sheet
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Web UI Overview
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Configuring PiKVM
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Authentication &amp; 2FA
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Authentication &amp; 2FA
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Table of contents
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Root access in the Web Terminal
</span>
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Changing the Linux password
</span>
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<a href="#changing-the-kvm-password" class="md-nav__link">
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Changing the KVM password
</span>
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<a href="#two-factor-authentication" class="md-nav__link">
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Two-factor authentication
</span>
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<a href="#session-expiration" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Session expiration
</span>
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<a href="#disabling-authentication" class="md-nav__link">
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Disabling authentication
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FAQ &amp; Troubleshooting
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Flashing OS
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Networking
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Networking
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Internet access
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Internet access
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<a href="../port_forwarding/" class="md-nav__link">
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Port forwarding
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</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../reverse_proxy/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Reverse proxy
</span>
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<a href="../tailscale/" class="md-nav__link">
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Tailscale VPN
</span>
</a>
</li>
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Cloudflare Tunnel
</span>
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<a href="../wifi/" class="md-nav__link">
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Setting up Wi-Fi
</span>
</a>
</li>
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<a href="../modem/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Setting up 3G/4G/LTE modem
</span>
</a>
</li>
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<a href="../letsencrypt/" class="md-nav__link">
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Let's Encrypt certificates
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Video
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Video
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../video/" class="md-nav__link">
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Video modes (WebRTC, Direct)
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../webrtc_config/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
WebRTC configuration
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../edid/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Tuning HDMI EDID
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../pass/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
HDMI passthrough
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
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Peripheral devices
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Peripheral devices
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../atx_board/" class="md-nav__link">
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ATX board
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../usb/" class="md-nav__link">
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USB configuration
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
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USB passthrough
</span>
</a>
</li>
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Audio / Microphone
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Keyboard &amp; mouse
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<h1>Authentication &amp; 2FA</h1>
<div><div class="admonition info">
<p class="admonition-title">Info</p>
<p>PiKVM supports additional authentication methods commonly used on enterprise networks. <a href="../auth_advanced/">See here</a> for detailed documentation.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonition warning">
<p class="admonition-title">PiKVM comes with the following default passwords</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><strong>Linux OS-level admin</strong> (SSH, console...):</p>
<ul>
<li>Username: <code>root</code></li>
<li>Password: <code>root</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>KVM user</strong> (Web Interface, <a href="../api/">API</a>, <a href="../vnc/">VNC</a>...):</p>
<ul>
<li>Username: <code>admin</code></li>
<li>Password: <code>admin</code></li>
<li>No 2FA code</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>They are two separate accounts with independent passwords.</strong></p>
</div>
<div class="admonition danger">
<p class="admonition-title">Don't forget to change BOTH passwords on the new device</p>
<p>This page describes how to do this and enable two-factor authentication.</p>
<p>The 2FA is also strongly recommended if you plan to expose PiKVM to the internet
or use it in untrusted networks.</p>
</div>
<p>In addition to the KVM user and Linux root, there are some other auth entities:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><strong>The OS user <code>kvmd-webterm</code></strong><br>
This is a special user with non-privileged rights in PiKVM OS.
It can't be used for login or remote access via SSH. Password access and <code>sudo</code> are also disabled.
It is used only for the Web Terminal. These restrictions are set for security reasons.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="../vnc/"><strong>VNCAuth key</strong></a> - disabled by default.<br></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="../ipmi/"><strong>IPMI password</strong></a> - disabled by default.<br></p>
</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h2 id="root-access-in-the-web-terminal">Root access in the Web Terminal<a class="headerlink" href="#root-access-in-the-web-terminal" title="Permanent link"></a></h2>
<p>As mentioned above, the Web Terminal runs under user <code>kvmd-webterm</code> with disabled <code>sudo</code> and password access.
However, most PiKVM administration commands require the <code>root</code> access.
To obtain it in the Web Terminal, type <code>su -</code> and then enter the <code>root</code> user password:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="gp">[kvmd-webterm@pikvm ~]$ </span>su<span class="w"> </span>-
<span class="go">...</span>
<span class="gp">[root@pikvm kvmd-webterm]#</span>
</code></pre></div>
<details class="example">
<summary>Step by step: Disabling the Web Terminal</summary>
<p>Sometimes the actual owner of a PiKVM device and the user who is allowed to use it are different people.
So you may want to disable console access from the Web UI. To do this, use the following:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="gp">[root@pikvm ~]# </span>rw
<span class="gp">[root@pikvm ~]# </span>systemctl<span class="w"> </span>disable<span class="w"> </span>--now<span class="w"> </span>kvmd-webterm
<span class="gp">[root@pikvm ~]# </span>ro
</code></pre></div>
<p>For your own access to PiKVM OS, you still have SSH.</p>
</details>
<hr>
<h2 id="changing-the-linux-password">Changing the Linux password<a class="headerlink" href="#changing-the-linux-password" title="Permanent link"></a></h2>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="gp">[root@pikvm ~]# </span>rw
<span class="gp">[root@pikvm ~]# </span>passwd<span class="w"> </span>root
<span class="gp">[root@pikvm ~]# </span>ro
</code></pre></div>
<hr>
<h2 id="changing-the-kvm-password">Changing the KVM password<a class="headerlink" href="#changing-the-kvm-password" title="Permanent link"></a></h2>
<p>This password is used, among the Web UI login, to access the <a href="../api/">API</a>, <a href="../vnc/">VNC</a> (if enabled)
and other functions that do not concern the OS shell.</p>
<p>By default, an authentication method similar to Apache Server is configured: users and passwords
are stored encrypted in the <code>/etc/kvmd/htpasswd</code> file. To manage them, there is a utility <code>kvmd-htpasswd</code>.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="gp">[root@pikvm ~]# </span>rw
<span class="gp">[root@pikvm ~]# </span>kvmd-htpasswd<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">set</span><span class="w"> </span>admin
<span class="gp">[root@pikvm ~]# </span>ro
</code></pre></div>
<p>The <code>admin</code> is a name of a default user.</p>
<details class="example">
<summary>Step by step: Add KVM users</summary>
<p>It is possible to create several different KVM users with different passwords to access
the Web UI and VNC, but keep in mind that they all have the same rights:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="gp">[root@pikvm ~]# </span>kvmd-htpasswd<span class="w"> </span>add<span class="w"> </span>&lt;user&gt;<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># Add a new user with password</span>
<span class="gp">[root@pikvm ~]# </span>kvmd-htpasswd<span class="w"> </span>list<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># Show the list of users</span>
<span class="gp">[root@pikvm ~]# </span>kvmd-htpasswd<span class="w"> </span>del<span class="w"> </span>&lt;user&gt;<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># Removes/deletes a user</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>At the moment there is no way to create any ACL for different KVM users.</p>
</details>
<hr>
<h2 id="two-factor-authentication">Two-factor authentication<a class="headerlink" href="#two-factor-authentication" title="Permanent link"></a></h2>
<p>Two-factor authentication (2FA) is a new method of strengthening the protection of PiKVM, available since <code>KVM &gt;= 3.196</code>.
It is strongly recommended to enable it if you expose the PiKVM in the big and scary Internet.</p>
<div class="admonition warning">
<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
<p>Please note that 2FA does not concern the Linux OS access for the <code>root</code> user, so take care of a strong password
for it for SSH access (or setup the <a href="https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-configure-ssh-key-based-authentication-on-a-linux-server">key access</a>).</p>
</div>
<details class="example">
<summary>Step by step: Enabling 2FA on PiKVM</summary>
<ol>
<li>
<p>Update OS and reboot:</p>
<details class="note">
<summary>Updating PiKVM OS</summary>
<p>To update, run following commands under the <code>root</code> user:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="gp">[root@pikvm ~]# </span>pikvm-update
</code></pre></div>
<p>If you encounter an error like:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="gp">[root@pikvm ~]# </span>pikvm-update
<span class="go">bash: pikvm-update: command not found</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>It's most likely you have an old OS release. You can update the OS as follows:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="gp">[root@pikvm ~]# </span>rw
<span class="gp">[root@pikvm ~]# </span>pacman<span class="w"> </span>-Syy
<span class="gp">[root@pikvm ~]# </span>pacman<span class="w"> </span>-S<span class="w"> </span>pikvm-os-updater
<span class="gp">[root@pikvm ~]# </span>pikvm-update
</code></pre></div>
<p>Next time you will be able to use the usual method with <code>pikvm-update</code>.</p>
</details>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Make sure that NTP is running otherwise you will not be able to access</strong> (<code>timedatectl</code> command).
The timezone doesn't matter.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Install the <strong>Google Authenticator</strong> app to your mobile device
(<a href="https://apps.apple.com/us/app/google-authenticator/id388497605">iOS</a>,
<a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.google.android.apps.authenticator2">Android</a>). It will generate one-time access codes.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Create a secret for one-time codes on PiKVM:</p>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="gp">[root@pikvm ~]# </span>rw
<span class="gp">[root@pikvm ~]# </span>kvmd-totp<span class="w"> </span>init
<span class="gp">[root@pikvm ~]# </span>ro
</code></pre></div>
<ol>
<li>
<p>Run the Google Authenticator and scan the QR code.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Now, on the PiKVM login page, you will need to add 6 digits to the <code>2FA code</code> field.</p>
</li>
</ol>
</details>
<p>All Web UI users will be required to enter a one-time password on login.
In other words, <strong>the secret is the same for all users</strong>.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>With 2FA for API or VNC authentication (except VNCAuth mode), you will need to append the one-time code to the password without spaces.
That is, if the password is <code>foobar</code> and the code is <code>123456</code>, then you need to use <code>foobar123456</code> as the password.</p>
</div>
<p>To view the current QR code of the secret use command <code>kvmd-totp show</code>.</p>
<p>To disable 2FA and remove the secret, use command <code>kvmd-totp del</code>.</p>
<hr>
<h2 id="session-expiration">Session expiration<a class="headerlink" href="#session-expiration" title="Permanent link"></a></h2>
<p>Since KVMD 4.53, on the PiKVM Web UI login page, you can choose the maximum duration of the authentication session:
1 hour, 12 hours or infinite (until PiKVM is rebooted or the <code>kvmd</code> system service is restarted).
The selected session duration is valid for this browser and this user.
When the time is up, the auth cookie will be revoked.
It will not affect other sessions for the same user in other browsers.</p>
<p>Note if you click the <strong>Logout</strong> button on the main page, it will log out all sessions of this user in all browsers.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Long-lived connections</p>
<p>PiKVM actively uses websockets and long-lived HTTP connections for video streaming.</p>
<p>If the session has expired, this will cause its authorization cookie to be revoked
and new connections with this auth cookie will not be able to be established.
However, long-lived connections will not be terminated until the user closes the browser tab.
The session expiration feature is primarily intended to "clean up" when the user closes
the browser but don't hit the Logout button.</p>
<p>In the future, we plan to add immediate termination of expired connections.</p>
</div>
<details class="example">
<summary>Step by step: Set a global session expiration limit</summary>
<p>You can set the default expiration time to limit the user's ability to create endless sessions.
This will be an invisible limit valid on KVM login for Web UI (but <strong>not for VNC</strong>, please note that VNC sessions are always endless).</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p>Switch filesystem to read-write mode:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="gp">[root@pikvm ~]# </span>rw
</code></pre></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>Edit the file <code>/etc/kvmd/override.yaml</code>:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="nt">kvmd</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">auth</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">expire</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">21600</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 21600 seconds is 6 shours</span>
</code></pre></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>Restart the <code>kvmd</code> service and make sure that the limit is applied:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="gp">[root@pikvm ~]# </span>systemctl<span class="w"> </span>restart<span class="w"> </span>kvmd
<span class="gp">[root@pikvm ~]# </span>journalctl<span class="w"> </span>-u<span class="w"> </span>kvmd<span class="w"> </span>-g<span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'Maximum user session'</span>
<span class="go">... INFO --- Maximum user session time is limited: 6:00:00</span>
</code></pre></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>Switch filesystem to read-only mode back:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="gp">[root@pikvm ~]# </span>ro
</code></pre></div>
</li>
</ol>
</details>
<hr>
<h2 id="disabling-authentication">Disabling authentication<a class="headerlink" href="#disabling-authentication" title="Permanent link"></a></h2>
<p>If necessary, you can disable authentication for KVM access (Web UI, VNC, etc. except SSH).</p>
<div class="admonition warning">
<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
<p>Don't do this in untrusted networks, because you can give a potential attacker access to your target machine.</p>
<p>If you really need this, please consider to disable the Web Terminal so as not to open the shell access to PiKVM console.
You still can use SSH to access to the console.</p>
</div>
<details class="example">
<summary>Step by step: Disabling authentication</summary>
<ol>
<li>
<p>Switch filesystem to read-write mode:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="gp">[root@pikvm ~]# </span>rw
</code></pre></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>Edit the file <code>/etc/kvmd/override.yaml</code>:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="nt">kvmd</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">auth</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">enabled</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">false</span>
</code></pre></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>Restart <code>kvmd</code>, optionally disable web terminal switch filesystem to read-only mode:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="gp">[root@pikvm ~]# </span>systemctl<span class="w"> </span>restart<span class="w"> </span>kvmd
<span class="gp">[root@pikvm ~]# </span>systemctl<span class="w"> </span>disable<span class="w"> </span>--now<span class="w"> </span>kvmd-webterm<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># Optional if you have SSH access</span>
<span class="gp">[root@pikvm ~]# </span>ro
</code></pre></div>
</li>
</ol>
</details></div>
</article>
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