helmfile/pkg/helmexec/exec.go

package helmexec

import (
	"bytes"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"net/url"
	"os"
	"path/filepath"
	"reflect"
	"strconv"
	"strings"
	"sync"
	"unicode"

	"github.com/Masterminds/semver/v3"
	"github.com/helmfile/chartify"
	"go.uber.org/zap"
	"go.uber.org/zap/zapcore"
	actionv3 "helm.sh/helm/v3/pkg/action"
	cliv3 "helm.sh/helm/v3/pkg/cli"
	actionv4 "helm.sh/helm/v4/pkg/action"
	chart "helm.sh/helm/v4/pkg/chart/v2"
	cliv4 "helm.sh/helm/v4/pkg/cli"

	"github.com/helmfile/helmfile/pkg/yaml"
)

type decryptedSecret struct {
	mutex sync.RWMutex
	bytes []byte
	err   error
}

type HelmExecOptions struct {
	EnableLiveOutput          bool
	DisableForceUpdate        bool // If true, do not force helm repos to update when executing "helm repo add" (Helm 3)
	EnforcePluginVerification bool // If true, fail plugin installation if verification is not supported
	HelmOCIPlainHTTP          bool // If true, use plain HTTP for OCI registries
}

type execer struct {
	helmBinary           string
	options              HelmExecOptions
	version              *semver.Version
	runner               Runner
	logger               *zap.SugaredLogger
	kubeconfig           string
	kubeContext          string
	extra                []string
	decryptedSecretMutex sync.Mutex
	decryptedSecrets     map[string]*decryptedSecret
	writeTempFile        func([]byte) (string, error)
	unittestPluginOnce   sync.Once
	unittestPluginErr    error
}

func NewLogger(writer io.Writer, logLevel string) *zap.SugaredLogger {
	var cfg zapcore.EncoderConfig
	cfg.MessageKey = "message"
	out := zapcore.AddSync(writer)
	var level zapcore.Level
	err := level.Set(logLevel)
	if err != nil {
		panic(err)
	}
	core := zapcore.NewCore(
		zapcore.NewConsoleEncoder(cfg),
		out,
		level,
	)
	return zap.New(core).Sugar()
}

func parseHelmVersion(versionStr string) (*semver.Version, error) {
	if len(versionStr) == 0 {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("empty helm version")
	}

	// Check if version string starts with "v", if not add it
	processedVersion := strings.TrimSpace(versionStr)
	if !strings.HasPrefix(processedVersion, "v") {
		processedVersion = "v" + processedVersion
	}

	v, err := chartify.FindSemVerInfo(processedVersion)

	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("error find helm srmver version '%s': %w", versionStr, err)
	}

	ver, err := semver.NewVersion(v)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("error parsing helm version '%s'", versionStr)
	}

	return ver, nil
}

func GetHelmVersion(helmBinary string, runner Runner) (*semver.Version, error) {
	// Autodetect from `helm version` - just short works for both Helm 3 and Helm 4
	outBytes, err := runner.Execute(helmBinary, []string{"version", "--short"}, nil, false)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("error determining helm version: %w", err)
	}

	return parseHelmVersion(string(outBytes))
}

// PluginMetadata represents the metadata of a Helm plugin
type PluginMetadata struct {
	Name    string `yaml:"name"`
	Version string `yaml:"version"`
}

func GetPluginVersion(name, pluginsDir string) (*semver.Version, error) {
	pluginDirs := filepath.SplitList(pluginsDir)

	var firstReadErr error
	for _, dir := range pluginDirs {
		if dir == "" {
			continue
		}

		entries, err := os.ReadDir(dir)
		if err != nil {
			if os.IsNotExist(err) {
				continue
			}
			if firstReadErr == nil {
				firstReadErr = err
			}
			continue
		}

		for _, entry := range entries {
			if !entry.IsDir() {
				continue
			}

			pluginFile := filepath.Join(dir, entry.Name(), "plugin.yaml")
			data, err := os.ReadFile(pluginFile)
			if err != nil {
				continue
			}

			var metadata PluginMetadata
			if err := yaml.Unmarshal(data, &metadata); err != nil {
				continue
			}

			if metadata.Name == name {
				return semver.NewVersion(metadata.Version)
			}
		}
	}

	if firstReadErr != nil {
		return nil, firstReadErr
	}
	return nil, fmt.Errorf("plugin %s not installed", name)
}

func redactedURL(chart string) string {
	chartURL, err := url.ParseRequestURI(chart)
	if err != nil {
		return chart
	}
	return chartURL.Redacted()
}

// New for running helm commands
func New(helmBinary string, options HelmExecOptions, logger *zap.SugaredLogger, kubeconfig string, kubeContext string, runner Runner) (*execer, error) {
	version, err := GetHelmVersion(helmBinary, runner)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	if version.Prerelease() != "" {
		logger.Warnf("Helm version %s is a pre-release version. This may cause problems when deploying Helm charts.\n", version)
		*version, _ = version.SetPrerelease("")
	}

	return &execer{
		helmBinary:       helmBinary,
		options:          options,
		version:          version,
		logger:           logger,
		kubeconfig:       kubeconfig,
		kubeContext:      kubeContext,
		runner:           runner,
		decryptedSecrets: make(map[string]*decryptedSecret),
	}, nil
}

func (helm *execer) SetExtraArgs(args ...string) {
	helm.extra = args
}

func (helm *execer) SetHelmBinary(bin string) {
	helm.helmBinary = bin
}

func (helm *execer) SetEnableLiveOutput(enableLiveOutput bool) {
	helm.options.EnableLiveOutput = enableLiveOutput
}

func (helm *execer) SetDisableForceUpdate(forceUpdate bool) {
	helm.options.DisableForceUpdate = forceUpdate
}

func (helm *execer) AddRepo(name, repository, cafile, certfile, keyfile, username, password string, managed string, passCredentials, skipTLSVerify bool) error {
	var args []string
	var out []byte
	var err error

	if name == "" && repository != "" {
		helm.logger.Infof("empty field name\n")
		return fmt.Errorf("empty field name")
	}

	savedExtra := helm.extra
	helm.extra = []string{}
	defer func() {
		helm.extra = savedExtra
	}()

	switch managed {
	case "acr":
		helm.logger.Infof("Adding repo %v (acr)", name)
		out, err = helm.azcli(name)
	case "":
		args = append(args, "repo", "add", name, repository)

		// --force-update is needed for both Helm 3.3.2+ and Helm 4
		// to ensure repository indexes are updated when a repository already exists
		// See https://github.com/helm/helm/pull/8777
		if !helm.options.DisableForceUpdate && (helm.IsHelm4() || helm.IsVersionAtLeast("3.3.2")) {
			args = append(args, "--force-update")
		}

		if certfile != "" && keyfile != "" {
			args = append(args, "--cert-file", certfile, "--key-file", keyfile)
		}
		if cafile != "" {
			args = append(args, "--ca-file", cafile)
		}

		if passCredentials {
			args = append(args, "--pass-credentials")
		}
		if skipTLSVerify {
			args = append(args, "--insecure-skip-tls-verify")
		}
		helm.logger.Infof("Adding repo %v %v", name, repository)
		if username != "" && password != "" {
			args = append(args, "--username", username, "--password-stdin")
			buffer := bytes.Buffer{}
			buffer.Write([]byte(fmt.Sprintf("%s\n", password)))
			out, err = helm.execStdIn(args, map[string]string{}, &buffer)
		} else {
			out, err = helm.exec(args, map[string]string{}, nil)
		}
	default:
		helm.logger.Errorf("ERROR: unknown type '%v' for repository %v", managed, name)
		out = nil
		err = nil
	}

	helm.info(out)
	return err
}

func (helm *execer) UpdateRepo() error {
	helm.logger.Info("Updating repo")
	savedExtra := helm.extra
	helm.extra = []string{}
	defer func() {
		helm.extra = savedExtra
	}()
	out, err := helm.exec([]string{"repo", "update"}, map[string]string{}, nil)
	helm.info(out)
	return err
}

func (helm *execer) RegistryLogin(repository, username, password, caFile, certFile, keyFile string, skipTLSVerify bool) error {
	if username == "" || password == "" {
		return nil
	}

	args := []string{
		"registry",
		"login",
		repository,
	}
	helmVersionConstraint, _ := semver.NewConstraint(">= 3.12.0")
	if helmVersionConstraint.Check(helm.version) {
		// in the 3.12.0 version, the registry login support --key-file --cert-file and --ca-file
		// https://github.com/helm/helm/releases/tag/v3.12.0
		if certFile != "" && keyFile != "" {
			args = append(args, "--cert-file", certFile, "--key-file", keyFile)
		}
		if caFile != "" {
			args = append(args, "--ca-file", caFile)
		}
	}

	if skipTLSVerify {
		args = append(args, "--insecure")
	}

	args = append(args, "--username", username, "--password-stdin")
	buffer := bytes.Buffer{}
	buffer.Write([]byte(fmt.Sprintf("%s\n", password)))

	helm.logger.Info("Logging in to registry")
	out, err := helm.execStdIn(args, map[string]string{"HELM_EXPERIMENTAL_OCI": "1"}, &buffer)
	helm.info(out)
	return err
}

// toKebabCase converts a PascalCase or camelCase string to kebab-case.
// e.g., "SkipRefresh" -> "skip-refresh", "KubeContext" -> "kube-context"
func toKebabCase(s string) string {
	var result strings.Builder
	for i, r := range s {
		if i > 0 && unicode.IsUpper(r) {
			result.WriteRune('-')
		}
		result.WriteRune(unicode.ToLower(r))
	}
	return result.String()
}

// getSupportedDependencyFlags returns a map of supported flags for helm dependency commands.
// It uses reflection on helm's action.Dependency and cli.EnvSettings structs to
// dynamically determine which flags are supported, avoiding hardcoded lists.
// Uses version-specific packages based on whether Helm 3 or Helm 4 is detected.
func getSupportedDependencyFlags() map[string]bool {
	supported := make(map[string]bool)

	// Determine which Helm version's API to use based on environment or default to Helm 4
	useHelm3 := os.Getenv("HELMFILE_HELM4") != "1"

	if useHelm3 {
		// Get global flags from Helm 3 cli.EnvSettings
		envSettings := cliv3.New()
		envType := reflect.TypeOf(*envSettings)
		for i := 0; i < envType.NumField(); i++ {
			field := envType.Field(i)
			if field.IsExported() {
				flagName := "--" + toKebabCase(field.Name)
				supported[flagName] = true
			}
		}

		// Add namespace short form
		supported["-n"] = true

		// Get dependency-specific flags from Helm 3 action.Dependency
		dep := actionv3.NewDependency()
		depType := reflect.TypeOf(*dep)
		for i := 0; i < depType.NumField(); i++ {
			field := depType.Field(i)
			if field.IsExported() {
				flagName := "--" + toKebabCase(field.Name)
				supported[flagName] = true
			}
		}
	} else {
		// Get global flags from Helm 4 cli.EnvSettings
		envSettings := cliv4.New()
		envType := reflect.TypeOf(*envSettings)
		for i := 0; i < envType.NumField(); i++ {
			field := envType.Field(i)
			if field.IsExported() {
				flagName := "--" + toKebabCase(field.Name)
				supported[flagName] = true
			}
		}

		// Add namespace short form
		supported["-n"] = true

		// Get dependency-specific flags from Helm 4 action.Dependency
		dep := actionv4.NewDependency()
		depType := reflect.TypeOf(*dep)
		for i := 0; i < depType.NumField(); i++ {
			field := depType.Field(i)
			if field.IsExported() {
				flagName := "--" + toKebabCase(field.Name)
				supported[flagName] = true
			}
		}
	}

	return supported
}

// Cache of supported flags, initialized once
var (
	supportedDependencyFlagsOnce sync.Once
	supportedDependencyFlags     map[string]bool
)

// filterDependencyUnsupportedFlags filters flags to only those supported by helm dependency commands.
// Uses reflection on helm's action.Dependency and cli.EnvSettings structs to dynamically
// determine supported flags, avoiding hardcoded lists.
func filterDependencyUnsupportedFlags(flags []string) []string {
	if len(flags) == 0 {
		return flags
	}

	// Initialize supported flags map once
	supportedDependencyFlagsOnce.Do(func() {
		supportedDependencyFlags = getSupportedDependencyFlags()
	})

	filtered := make([]string, 0, len(flags))
	for _, flag := range flags {
		// Extract flag name without value (e.g., "--dry-run=server" -> "--dry-run")
		flagName := flag
		if idx := strings.Index(flag, "="); idx != -1 {
			flagName = flag[:idx]
		}

		// Check if this flag or any prefix of it is supported
		supported := false
		for supportedFlag := range supportedDependencyFlags {
			if strings.HasPrefix(flagName, supportedFlag) {
				supported = true
				break
			}
		}

		if supported {
			filtered = append(filtered, flag)
		}
	}
	return filtered
}

func (helm *execer) BuildDeps(name, chart string, flags ...string) error {
	helm.logger.Infof("Building dependency release=%v, chart=%v", name, chart)

	// Filter out template/install/upgrade-specific flags while preserving global flags
	savedExtra := helm.extra
	helm.extra = filterDependencyUnsupportedFlags(helm.extra)
	defer func() {
		helm.extra = savedExtra
	}()

	args := []string{
		"dependency",
		"build",
		chart,
	}

	args = append(args, flags...)

	// Helm 4 requires --plain-http for HTTP-only OCI registries (not HTTPS with self-signed certs)
	if helm.options.HelmOCIPlainHTTP && helm.IsHelm4() {
		args = append(args, "--plain-http")
	}

	out, err := helm.exec(args, map[string]string{}, nil)
	helm.info(out)
	return err
}

func (helm *execer) UpdateDeps(chart string) error {
	helm.logger.Infof("Updating dependency %v", chart)

	// Filter out template/install/upgrade-specific flags while preserving global flags
	savedExtra := helm.extra
	helm.extra = filterDependencyUnsupportedFlags(helm.extra)
	defer func() {
		helm.extra = savedExtra
	}()

	args := []string{"dependency", "update", chart}

	// Helm 4 requires --plain-http for HTTP-only OCI registries (not HTTPS with self-signed certs)
	if helm.options.HelmOCIPlainHTTP && helm.IsHelm4() {
		args = append(args, "--plain-http")
	}

	out, err := helm.exec(args, map[string]string{}, nil)
	helm.info(out)
	return err
}

func (helm *execer) SyncRelease(context HelmContext, name, chart, namespace string, flags ...string) error {
	helm.logger.Infof("Upgrading release=%v, chart=%v, namespace=%v", name, redactedURL(chart), namespace)
	preArgs := make([]string, 0)
	env := make(map[string]string)

	flags = append(flags, "--history-max", strconv.Itoa(context.HistoryMax))

	out, err := helm.exec(append(append(preArgs, "upgrade", "--install", name, chart), flags...), env, nil)
	helm.info(out)
	return err
}

func (helm *execer) ReleaseStatus(context HelmContext, name string, flags ...string) error {
	helm.logger.Infof("Getting status %v", name)
	preArgs := make([]string, 0)
	env := make(map[string]string)
	out, err := helm.exec(append(append(preArgs, "status", name), flags...), env, nil)
	helm.info(out)
	return err
}

func (helm *execer) List(context HelmContext, filter string, flags ...string) (string, error) {
	helm.logger.Infof("Listing releases matching %v", filter)
	preArgs := make([]string, 0)
	env := make(map[string]string)
	args := []string{"list", "--filter", filter}

	enableLiveOutput := false
	out, err := helm.exec(append(append(preArgs, args...), flags...), env, &enableLiveOutput)
	// In v2 we have been expecting `helm list FILTER` prints nothing.
	// In v3 helm still prints the header like `NAME	NAMESPACE	REVISION	UPDATED	STATUS	CHART	APP VERSION`,
	// which confuses helmfile's existing logic that treats any non-empty output from `helm list` is considered as the indication
	// of the release to exist.
	//
	// This fixes it by removing the header from the v3 output, so that the output is formatted the same as that of v2.
	lines := strings.Split(string(out), "\n")
	lines = lines[1:]
	out = []byte(strings.Join(lines, "\n"))
	helm.info(out)
	return string(out), err
}

func (helm *execer) DecryptSecret(context HelmContext, name string, flags ...string) (string, error) {
	absPath, err := filepath.Abs(name)
	if err != nil {
		return "", err
	}

	helm.logger.Debugf("Preparing to decrypt secret %v", absPath)
	helm.decryptedSecretMutex.Lock()

	secret, ok := helm.decryptedSecrets[absPath]

	// Cache miss
	if !ok {
		secret = &decryptedSecret{}
		helm.decryptedSecrets[absPath] = secret

		secret.mutex.Lock()
		defer secret.mutex.Unlock()
		helm.decryptedSecretMutex.Unlock()

		helm.logger.Infof("Decrypting secret %v", absPath)
		preArgs := make([]string, 0)
		env := make(map[string]string)
		// Use version-specific cli based on detected Helm version
		var pluginsDir string
		if helm.IsHelm3() {
			pluginsDir = cliv3.New().PluginsDirectory
		} else {
			pluginsDir = cliv4.New().PluginsDirectory
		}
		pluginVersion, err := GetPluginVersion("secrets", pluginsDir)
		if err != nil {
			secret.err = err
			return "", err
		}
		secretArg := "view"
		// helm secret view command. The helm secret decrypt command is a drop-in replacement in 4.0.0 version
		if pluginVersion.Major() > 3 {
			secretArg = "decrypt"
		}
		enableLiveOutput := false
		secretBytes, err := helm.exec(append(append(preArgs, "secrets", secretArg, absPath), flags...), env, &enableLiveOutput)
		if err != nil {
			secret.err = err
			return "", err
		}

		// When the source encrypted file is not a yaml file AND helm secrets < 4
		// secrets plugin returns a yaml file with all the content in a yaml `data` key
		// which isn't parsable from an hcl perspective
		if strings.HasSuffix(name, ".hcl") && pluginVersion.Major() < 4 {
			type helmSecretDataV3 struct {
				Data string `yaml:"data"`
			}
			var data helmSecretDataV3
			err := yaml.Unmarshal(secretBytes, &data)
			if err != nil {
				return "", fmt.Errorf("Could not unmarshall helm secret plugin V3 decrypted file to a yaml string\n"+
					"You may consider upgrading your helm secrets plugin to >4.0.\n %s", err.Error())
			}
			secretBytes = []byte(data.Data)
		}

		secret.bytes = secretBytes
	} else {
		// Cache hit
		helm.logger.Debugf("Found secret in cache %v", absPath)

		secret.mutex.RLock()
		helm.decryptedSecretMutex.Unlock()
		defer secret.mutex.RUnlock()

		if secret.err != nil {
			return "", secret.err
		}
	}

	tempFile := helm.writeTempFile

	if tempFile == nil {
		tempFile = func(content []byte) (string, error) {
			dir := filepath.Dir(name)
			extension := filepath.Ext(name)
			tmpFile, err := os.CreateTemp(dir, "secret*"+extension)
			if err != nil {
				return "", err
			}
			defer func() {
				_ = tmpFile.Close()
			}()

			_, err = tmpFile.Write(content)
			if err != nil {
				return "", err
			}

			return tmpFile.Name(), nil
		}
	}

	tmpFileName, err := tempFile(secret.bytes)
	if err != nil {
		return "", err
	}

	helm.logger.Debugf("Decrypted %s into %s", absPath, tmpFileName)

	return tmpFileName, err
}

func (helm *execer) TemplateRelease(name string, chart string, flags ...string) error {
	helm.logger.Infof("Templating release=%v, chart=%v", name, redactedURL(chart))
	args := []string{"template", name, chart}

	out, err := helm.exec(append(args, flags...), map[string]string{}, nil)

	var outputToFile bool

	for _, f := range flags {
		if strings.HasPrefix("--output-dir", f) {
			outputToFile = true
			break
		}
	}

	if outputToFile {
		// With --output-dir is passed to helm-template,
		// we can safely direct all the logs from it to our logger.
		//
		// It's safe because anything written to stdout by helm-template with output-dir is logs,
		// like excessive `wrote path/to/output/dir/chart/template/file.yaml` messages,
		// but manifets.
		//
		// See https://github.com/roboll/helmfile/pull/1691#issuecomment-805636021 for more information.
		helm.info(out)
	} else {
		// Always write to stdout for use with e.g. `helmfile template | kubectl apply -f -`
		helm.write(nil, out)
	}

	return err
}

func (helm *execer) DiffRelease(context HelmContext, name, chart, namespace string, suppressDiff bool, flags ...string) error {
	diffMsg := fmt.Sprintf("Comparing release=%v, chart=%v, namespace=%v\n", name, redactedURL(chart), namespace)
	if context.Writer != nil && !suppressDiff {
		_, _ = fmt.Fprint(context.Writer, diffMsg)
	} else {
		helm.logger.Info(diffMsg)
	}
	preArgs := make([]string, 0)
	env := make(map[string]string)
	var overrideEnableLiveOutput *bool = nil
	if suppressDiff {
		enableLiveOutput := false
		overrideEnableLiveOutput = &enableLiveOutput
	}

	// Issue #2280: In Helm 4, the --color flag is parsed by Helm before reaching the plugin,
	// causing it to consume the next argument. Remove color flags and use HELM_DIFF_COLOR env var.
	if helm.IsHelm4() {
		flags = helm.filterColorFlagsForHelm4(flags, env)
	}

	out, err := helm.exec(append(append(preArgs, "diff", "upgrade", "--allow-unreleased", name, chart), flags...), env, overrideEnableLiveOutput)
	// Do our best to write STDOUT only when diff existed
	// Unfortunately, this works only when you run helmfile with `--detailed-exitcode`
	detailedExitcodeEnabled := false
	for _, f := range flags {
		if strings.Contains(f, "detailed-exitcode") {
			detailedExitcodeEnabled = true
			break
		}
	}
	if detailedExitcodeEnabled {
		e, ok := err.(ExitError)
		if ok && e.ExitStatus() == 2 {
			if !(suppressDiff) {
				helm.write(context.Writer, out)
			}
			return err
		}
	} else if !(suppressDiff) {
		helm.write(context.Writer, out)
	}
	return err
}

// filterColorFlagsForHelm4 removes --color and --no-color flags from the flags slice
// and sets the HELM_DIFF_COLOR environment variable instead.
// In Helm 4, the --color flag is parsed by Helm itself before reaching the helm-diff plugin,
// causing Helm to consume the next argument as the color value (issue #2280).
// The helm-diff plugin supports HELM_DIFF_COLOR=[true|false] env var as an alternative.
func (helm *execer) filterColorFlagsForHelm4(flags []string, env map[string]string) []string {
	filtered := make([]string, 0, len(flags))

	for _, flag := range flags {
		switch flag {
		case "--color":
			// Use environment variable instead of flag for Helm 4
			// Only set if not already present (defensive check)
			if _, exists := env["HELM_DIFF_COLOR"]; !exists {
				env["HELM_DIFF_COLOR"] = "true"
			}
		case "--no-color":
			// Use environment variable instead of flag for Helm 4
			// Only set if not already present (defensive check)
			if _, exists := env["HELM_DIFF_COLOR"]; !exists {
				env["HELM_DIFF_COLOR"] = "false"
			}
		default:
			// Keep all other flags unchanged
			filtered = append(filtered, flag)
		}
	}

	return filtered
}

func (helm *execer) Lint(name, chart string, flags ...string) error {
	helm.logger.Infof("Linting release=%v, chart=%v", name, chart)
	out, err := helm.exec(append([]string{"lint", chart}, flags...), map[string]string{}, nil)
	// Always write to stdout to write the linting result to eg. a file
	helm.write(nil, out)
	return err
}

func (helm *execer) Unittest(name, chart string, flags ...string) error {
	// Check if the helm-unittest plugin is installed (cached across invocations)
	helm.unittestPluginOnce.Do(func() {
		var pluginsDir string
		if helm.IsHelm3() {
			pluginsDir = cliv3.New().PluginsDirectory
		} else {
			pluginsDir = cliv4.New().PluginsDirectory
		}
		_, err := GetPluginVersion("unittest", pluginsDir)
		if err != nil {
			helm.unittestPluginErr = fmt.Errorf("helm-unittest plugin is required for `helmfile unittest`. Install it with: helm plugin install https://github.com/helm-unittest/helm-unittest: %w", err)
		}
	})
	if helm.unittestPluginErr != nil {
		return helm.unittestPluginErr
	}

	helm.logger.Infof("Unit testing release=%v, chart=%v", name, chart)
	out, err := helm.exec(append([]string{"unittest", chart}, flags...), map[string]string{}, nil)
	helm.write(nil, out)
	return err
}

func (helm *execer) Fetch(chart string, flags ...string) error {
	helm.logger.Infof("Fetching %v", redactedURL(chart))
	out, err := helm.exec(append([]string{"fetch", chart}, flags...), map[string]string{}, nil)
	helm.info(out)
	return err
}

func (helm *execer) ChartPull(chart string, path string, flags ...string) error {
	var helmArgs []string
	helm.logger.Infof("Pulling %v", chart)
	helmVersionConstraint, _ := semver.NewConstraint(">= 3.7.0")
	if helmVersionConstraint.Check(helm.version) {
		// in the 3.7.0 version, the chart pull has been replaced with helm pull
		// https://github.com/helm/helm/releases/tag/v3.7.0
		ociChartURL, _ := resolveOciChart(chart)
		helmArgs = []string{"pull", ociChartURL, "--destination", path, "--untar"}
		helmArgs = append(helmArgs, flags...)
		// Add --plain-http for OCI registries if requested (Helm 4 requirement for insecure registries)
		if helm.options.HelmOCIPlainHTTP && strings.HasPrefix(ociChartURL, "oci://") {
			helmArgs = append(helmArgs, "--plain-http")
		}
	} else {
		helmArgs = []string{"chart", "pull", chart}
	}
	out, err := helm.exec(helmArgs, map[string]string{"HELM_EXPERIMENTAL_OCI": "1"}, nil)
	helm.info(out)
	return err
}

func (helm *execer) ChartExport(chart string, path string) error {
	helmVersionConstraint, _ := semver.NewConstraint(">= 3.7.0")
	if helmVersionConstraint.Check(helm.version) {
		// in the 3.7.0 version, the chart export has been removed
		// https://github.com/helm/helm/releases/tag/v3.7.0
		return nil
	}
	var helmArgs []string
	helm.logger.Infof("Exporting %v", chart)
	helmArgs = []string{"chart", "export", chart, "--destination", path}
	// no extra flags for before v3.7.0, details in helm chart export --help
	out, err := helm.exec(helmArgs, map[string]string{"HELM_EXPERIMENTAL_OCI": "1"}, nil)
	helm.info(out)
	return err
}

func (helm *execer) DeleteRelease(context HelmContext, name string, flags ...string) error {
	helm.logger.Infof("Deleting %v", name)
	preArgs := make([]string, 0)
	env := make(map[string]string)
	out, err := helm.exec(append(append(preArgs, "delete", name), flags...), env, nil)
	helm.info(out)
	return err
}

func (helm *execer) RollbackRelease(context HelmContext, name string, flags ...string) error {
	helm.logger.Infof("Rolling back %v", name)
	preArgs := make([]string, 0)
	env := make(map[string]string)
	out, err := helm.exec(append(append(preArgs, "rollback", name), flags...), env, nil)
	helm.info(out)
	return err
}

func (helm *execer) TestRelease(context HelmContext, name string, flags ...string) error {
	helm.logger.Infof("Testing %v", name)
	preArgs := make([]string, 0)
	env := make(map[string]string)
	args := []string{"test", name}
	out, err := helm.exec(append(append(preArgs, args...), flags...), env, nil)
	helm.info(out)
	return err
}

func (helm *execer) AddPlugin(name, path, version string) error {
	helm.logger.Infof("Install helm plugin %v", name)

	// Special handling for helm-secrets 4.7.0+ with Helm 4 which uses split plugin architecture
	if name == "secrets" && version >= "v4.7.0" && helm.IsHelm4() {
		return helm.installHelmSecretsV4(version)
	}

	// Try with verification first
	out, err := helm.exec([]string{"plugin", "install", path, "--version", version}, map[string]string{}, nil)

	// If verification fails, retry without verification (unless enforced)
	if err != nil && strings.Contains(err.Error(), "does not support verification") {
		if helm.options.EnforcePluginVerification {
			helm.logger.Errorf("Plugin %v does not support verification and plugin verification enforcement is enabled", name)
			return fmt.Errorf("plugin %s does not support verification (remove --enforce-plugin-verification flag to allow unverified plugins)", name)
		}
		helm.logger.Debugf("Plugin %v does not support verification, retrying with --verify=false", name)
		out, err = helm.exec([]string{"plugin", "install", path, "--version", version, "--verify=false"}, map[string]string{}, nil)
	}

	helm.info(out)
	return err
}

func (helm *execer) installHelmSecretsV4(version string) error {
	helm.logger.Infof("Installing helm-secrets %s (split plugin architecture for Helm 4)", version)

	baseURL := fmt.Sprintf("https://github.com/jkroepke/helm-secrets/releases/download/%s", version)
	// Strip "v" prefix for filename (e.g., "v4.7.4" -> "4.7.4")
	versionNum := strings.TrimPrefix(version, "v")
	plugins := []string{
		fmt.Sprintf("secrets-%s.tgz", versionNum),
		fmt.Sprintf("secrets-getter-%s.tgz", versionNum),
		fmt.Sprintf("secrets-post-renderer-%s.tgz", versionNum),
	}

	verifyFlag := ""
	if !helm.options.EnforcePluginVerification {
		verifyFlag = "--verify=false"
	}

	for _, plugin := range plugins {
		url := fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s", baseURL, plugin)
		args := []string{"plugin", "install", url}
		if verifyFlag != "" {
			args = append(args, verifyFlag)
		}

		out, err := helm.exec(args, map[string]string{}, nil)
		if err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("failed to install %s: %w", plugin, err)
		}
		helm.info(out)
	}

	return nil
}

func (helm *execer) UpdatePlugin(name string) error {
	helm.logger.Infof("Update helm plugin %v", name)
	out, err := helm.exec([]string{"plugin", "update", name}, map[string]string{}, nil)
	helm.info(out)
	return err
}

func (helm *execer) exec(args []string, env map[string]string, overrideEnableLiveOutput *bool) ([]byte, error) {
	cmdargs := args
	if len(helm.extra) > 0 {
		cmdargs = append(cmdargs, helm.extra...)
	}
	if helm.kubeContext != "" {
		cmdargs = append([]string{"--kube-context", helm.kubeContext}, cmdargs...)
	}
	if helm.kubeconfig != "" {
		cmdargs = append([]string{"--kubeconfig", helm.kubeconfig}, cmdargs...)
	}
	cmd := fmt.Sprintf("exec: %s %s", helm.helmBinary, strings.Join(cmdargs, " "))
	helm.logger.Debug(cmd)
	enableLiveOutput := helm.options.EnableLiveOutput
	if overrideEnableLiveOutput != nil {
		enableLiveOutput = *overrideEnableLiveOutput
	}
	outBytes, err := helm.runner.Execute(helm.helmBinary, cmdargs, env, enableLiveOutput)
	return outBytes, err
}

func (helm *execer) execStdIn(args []string, env map[string]string, stdin io.Reader) ([]byte, error) {
	cmdargs := args
	if len(helm.extra) > 0 {
		cmdargs = append(cmdargs, helm.extra...)
	}
	if helm.kubeContext != "" {
		cmdargs = append([]string{"--kube-context", helm.kubeContext}, cmdargs...)
	}
	if helm.kubeconfig != "" {
		cmdargs = append([]string{"--kubeconfig", helm.kubeconfig}, cmdargs...)
	}
	cmd := fmt.Sprintf("exec: %s %s", helm.helmBinary, strings.Join(cmdargs, " "))
	helm.logger.Debug(cmd)
	outBytes, err := helm.runner.ExecuteStdIn(helm.helmBinary, cmdargs, env, stdin)
	return outBytes, err
}

func (helm *execer) azcli(name string) ([]byte, error) {
	cmdargs := append(strings.Split("acr helm repo add --name", " "), name)
	cmd := fmt.Sprintf("exec: az %s", strings.Join(cmdargs, " "))
	helm.logger.Debug(cmd)
	outBytes, err := helm.runner.Execute("az", cmdargs, map[string]string{}, false)
	if len(outBytes) > 0 {
		helm.logger.Debugf("%s: %s", cmd, outBytes)
	} else {
		helm.logger.Debugf("%s:", cmd)
	}
	return outBytes, err
}

func (helm *execer) info(out []byte) {
	if len(out) > 0 {
		helm.logger.Infof("%s", out)
	}
}

func (helm *execer) write(w io.Writer, out []byte) {
	if len(out) > 0 {
		if w == nil {
			w = os.Stdout
		}
		_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\n", out)
	}
}

func (helm *execer) IsHelm3() bool {
	return helm.version.Major() == 3
}

func (helm *execer) IsHelm4() bool {
	return helm.version.Major() == 4
}

func (helm *execer) GetVersion() Version {
	return Version{
		Major: int(helm.version.Major()),
		Minor: int(helm.version.Minor()),
		Patch: int(helm.version.Patch()),
	}
}

func (helm *execer) IsVersionAtLeast(versionStr string) bool {
	ver := semver.MustParse(versionStr)
	return helm.version.Equal(ver) || helm.version.GreaterThan(ver)
}

func resolveOciChart(ociChart string) (ociChartURL, ociChartTag string) {
	// Split off digest (e.g., @sha256:abc) first so the colon in sha256:
	// does not confuse the version tag search below.
	var digest string
	if atIdx := strings.Index(ociChart, "@"); atIdx >= 0 {
		digest = ociChart[atIdx:] // includes the "@"
		ociChart = ociChart[:atIdx]
	}

	var urlTagIndex int
	// Get the last : index in the pre-digest part
	// e.g.,
	// 1. registry:443/helm-charts
	// 2. registry/helm-charts:latest
	// 3. registry:443/helm-charts:latest
	if strings.LastIndex(ociChart, ":") <= strings.LastIndex(ociChart, "/") {
		urlTagIndex = len(ociChart)
		ociChartTag = ""
	} else {
		urlTagIndex = strings.LastIndex(ociChart, ":")
		ociChartTag = ociChart[urlTagIndex+1:]
	}
	ociChartURL = fmt.Sprintf("oci://%s%s", ociChart[:urlTagIndex], digest)
	return ociChartURL, ociChartTag
}

func (helm *execer) ShowChart(chartPath string) (chart.Metadata, error) {
	var helmArgs = []string{"show", "chart", chartPath}
	out, error := helm.exec(helmArgs, map[string]string{}, nil)
	if error != nil {
		return chart.Metadata{}, error
	}
	var metadata chart.Metadata
	error = yaml.Unmarshal(out, &metadata)
	if error != nil {
		return chart.Metadata{}, error
	}
	return metadata, nil
}