helmfile/docs/proposals/otel-tracing.md

Proposal: OpenTelemetry Tracing Support

• Issue: #2767 — feat-request: OpenTelemetry (tracing) support
• Status: Draft
• Origin discussion: #2758

1. Summary

Add opt-in OpenTelemetry (OTel) distributed tracing to helmfile. When enabled, a helmfile run produces a trace whose spans cover the full execution timeline — state-file discovery, template rendering, per-release operations, hooks, and every helm subprocess helmfile itself starts — exported via OTLP to any OTel-compatible backend (Jaeger, Tempo, Zipkin, Honeycomb, Datadog, Grafana Cloud, cloud-vendor collectors, ...).

This directly serves the motivating use case from CI/CD: see where time is spent, what runs most often (label selectors), and what to target for improvement — the same capability Terragrunt ships today (Terragrunt OTel docs).

When disabled (the default), behavior and performance are identical to today: a no-op tracer provider, no goroutines, no network, no exported spans (explicit guarantees in §7).

Example resulting trace

helmfile sync  file=helmfile.yaml env=production          (root, ~2m)
├─ helmfile.discover_states                                (~5ms)
├─ helmfile.load file=helmfile.yaml                        (~800ms)
│  ├─ helmfile.render pass=values                          (~400ms)
│  └─ helmfile.parse                                       (~50ms)
├─ helmfile.repos.update                                   (~4s)
│  └─ helm.exec subcommand="repo update"                   (~4s)
├─ helmfile.release.prepare release=gateway chart=gateway  (~9s)
│  └─ helm.exec subcommand="dependency build"              (~8s)
├─ helmfile.release.sync release=envoy ns=ingress          (~21s)
│  ├─ helmfile.hook event=presync                          (~2s)
│  │  └─ os.exec command="./migrate.sh"                    (~2s)
│  ├─ helm.exec subcommand="upgrade --install envoy ..."   (~18s)
│  └─ helmfile.hook event=postsync                         (~1s)
├─ helmfile.release.sync release=api ns=apps               (~35s)
└─ helmfile.wait release=api (kubedog)                     (~30s)

2. Goals and non-goals

Goals

1. Opt-in, zero-cost-when-off: tracing disabled by default; no measurable overhead or behavior change when not requested.
2. Standard OTLP export configured through the OTel environment-variable specification — no helmfile-specific duplicate knobs for endpoints/protocols/headers/sampling.
3. Meaningful hierarchy: spans nest (command → state file → release → hook/subprocess) so the critical path of a sync/apply is visible at a glance — including the kubedog and hook paths, which today run on detached contexts (§4.3).
4. Safe by default: span attributes never contain secret-bearing values (--set values, registry credentials, secret refs).
5. CI-friendly: W3C tracecontext propagation so a CI system that injects TRACEPARENT gets spans correlated into its own trace.

Non-goals (for the initial implementation)

• OTel metrics and log export (the SDK setup leaves room; see §12 for follow-ups).
• Tracing inside the helm binary or cluster-side (helm/chart hooks are separate processes; context injection into them is an open question, §14).
• Fixing the pre-existing cancellation gaps discovered during design (kubedog path rooted at context.Background(), hooks at context.TODO() — §4.3). This proposal bridges them for trace context only, with byte-identical cancellation semantics; semantic fixes are reported separately.
• Any helmfile-config-file surface (helmfile.yaml) for telemetry — CLI flags + env vars only, matching how observability tooling is usually injected by the platform, not the state author.

3. User-facing design

3.1 Activation

Mechanism	Default	Description
--otel-tracing (persistent flag)	false	Enable tracing for this run
HELMFILE_OTEL_TRACING=true (env)	false	Same, via environment (CI-friendly)

The feature ships as experimental initially and is listed in docs/experimental-features.md (see §11 Rollout). We do not require HELMFILE_EXPERIMENTAL=otel-tracing: tracing is purely additive, invisible when off, and gating it twice would complicate CI adoption. The experimental label sets stability expectations only. (Note: this differs from the current entries in that document, which are gated by HELMFILE_EXPERIMENTAL; the entry will say so explicitly.)

3.2 Exporter & SDK configuration — standard OTel env vars only

When --otel-tracing is set, helmfile initializes the OTel SDK honoring the standard environment variables. Exporter selection is delegated to go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/exporters/autoexport (already in the module graph, §8) rather than hand-rolled, so helmfile maintains no exporter-construction code of its own:

Variable	Default in helmfile	Read by	Notes
OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_ENDPOINT	http://localhost:4318	otlp client (SDK)	default follows the protocol: 4318 with http/protobuf (below), 4317 with grpc
OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_PROTOCOL / ..._TRACES_PROTOCOL	http/protobuf	autoexport	grpc, http/protobuf (traces-specific var wins; http/json is not supported by autoexport traces in v0.67.0)
OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_HEADERS / ..._TRACES_HEADERS	—	otlp client (SDK)	e.g. collector auth tokens
OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_TIMEOUT / ..._TRACES_TIMEOUT	10s	otlp client (SDK)	per-export timeout
OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_INSECURE	per endpoint scheme	otlp client (SDK)	plaintext export for local collectors
OTEL_TRACES_EXPORTER	otlp	autoexport	otlp | console | none (verified against autoexport v0.67.0; more values possible via RegisterSpanExporter)
OTEL_TRACES_SAMPLER (+..._ARG)	parentbased_always_on	our wrapper	standard samplers (the Go SDK core does not parse this env itself)
OTEL_SERVICE_NAME	helmfile	SDK resource	service identity (resource WithFromEnv; verified in sdk v1.44.0 resource/env.go)
OTEL_RESOURCE_ATTRIBUTES	—	SDK resource	e.g. deployment.environment=ci,cicd.pipeline=release (same verified reader)
OTEL_PROPAGATORS	tracecontext,baggage	our wrapper	extract parent from CI-injected TRACEPARENT (SDK core does not parse this env either)
OTEL_METRICS_EXPORTER	otlp	autoexport (metrics)	otlp | console | prometheus | none — delivered in PR 4
OTEL_METRIC_EXPORT_INTERVAL	60000 (ms)	SDK metric reader	periodic export interval; final flush happens at exit
OTEL_SDK_DISABLED	false	our wrapper	standard kill switch (the Go SDK does not read this one itself)

console (JSON spans on stdout, via stdouttrace) exists for local debugging without a collector — note stdout, so it does not interleave with helmfile's stderr logs; none produces no export (used by tests and for pure-propagation setups).

HTTP proxies (HTTPS_PROXY/HTTP_PROXY) are honored automatically by the Go HTTP/gRPC stacks — no helmfile-specific proxy configuration.

Minimal CI example:

export OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_ENDPOINT="https://otel.example.com"
export OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_HEADERS="authorization=Bearer ${OTEL_TOKEN}"
export OTEL_SERVICE_NAME="helmfile-ci"
export OTEL_RESOURCE_ATTRIBUTES="cicd.pipeline=deploy,cicd.run_id=4821"
helmfile --otel-tracing -e production -l tier=backend apply

4. Architecture

4.1 New package pkg/telemetry

Single, dependency-light façade over the OTel SDK. No other package imports OTel SDK exporters directly.

pkg/telemetry/
├── telemetry.go      // Setup/Shutdown lifecycle, CommandContext(), Tracer(name)
├── exporter.go       // thin autoexport wiring + propagators (no exporter construction)
└── telemetry_test.go

Public surface sketch:

package telemetry

type Options struct {
    Enabled bool
    Version string          // helmfile version, recorded as service.version
    Logger  *zap.SugaredLogger // for one-line diagnostics, never span data
}

// Setup initializes the global provider. Idempotent; a no-op when
// opts.Enabled is false. Exporter/sampler misconfiguration and
// OTEL_SDK_DISABLED=true degrade to disabled with a warning — telemetry
// problems never fail a helmfile run.
func Setup(ctx context.Context, opts Options)

// StartCommandSpan starts the root span for one command invocation, joins a
// remote parent from TRACEPARENT/TRACESTATE/BAGGAGE env vars, and makes its
// context the one returned by CommandContext. No-op when disabled.
func StartCommandSpan(command string, attrs ...attribute.KeyValue)

// CommandContext returns the root command span's context, or
// context.Background() when telemetry is disabled. Single source of truth
// for deriving App.ctx.
func CommandContext() context.Context

// Tracer returns a tracer for the given instrumentation scope. Never nil:
// returns the OTel no-op tracer when telemetry is disabled, so callers need
// no `if enabled` branches. Sanctioned scopes: ScopeHelmfile, ScopeHelm.
func Tracer(name string) trace.Tracer

// Shutdown ends the command span (recording runErr and exitCode), flushes
// buffered spans bounded by ctx, and reverts to disabled. Idempotent and
// nil-safe (safe before Setup, twice, or on a signal that raced Setup).
// ShutdownTimeout is the recommended flush bound.
func Shutdown(ctx context.Context, runErr error, exitCode int) error

Design constraints for maintainability:

• No domain knowledge in this package. Span-attribute redaction rules live with the existing redaction code in pkg/helmexec (§6); telemetry only consumes the result. A telemetry package that knows about --set semantics would be a layering violation.
• Sanctioned instrumentation scopes are only "helmfile" (app/state layer) and "helm" (helmexec layer), documented in telemetry.go.

4.2 Lifecycle

main.go                          cmd/root.go
──────                          ───────────
rootCmd.Execute() ─────────────► PersistentPreRunE:
                                    logger setup (existing)
                                    telemetry.Setup(ctx, opts)      ← provider + exporters
                                    start root span "helmfile <sub>"
   RunE / subcommand execution …   (child spans attach via context)
errChan <- Execute()
                                  ┌────────────────────────────────┐
shutdown:                         │ end root span (status=error on │
  rootSpan.End()                  │ failure, exit code attr)       │
  provider.Shutdown(ctx 5s) ◄─────┘                                │

• PersistentPreRunE (cmd/root.go) is the natural init point: it already centralizes logger construction from GlobalOptions, and receives the *cobra.Command, so c.Name() gives the root span name (helmfile sync, ...).
• App.ctx derivation requires no signature changes. app.New(conf) is called from every subcommand (cmd/*.go, 22 call sites) and currently roots its context at context.Background() (pkg/app/app.go). Instead of threading a parameter through all callers, app.New replaces that single context.Background() with telemetry.CommandContext() — Background-identical when tracing is off, span-rooted when on. Cancellation is unaffected (context.WithCancel on either parent behaves the same for SIGINT handling in main.go).
• Shutdown must run even on failure and on signals. The end of rootCmd.Execute() in main.go (both the errChan and the SIGINT/SIGTERM paths; on the error path before errors.HandleExitCoder, which terminates via OsExiter, and on the signal path after app.CleanWaitGroup.Wait() and before os.Exit(130/143)) calls the returned shutdown func with a 5s-timeout context so buffered spans are flushed. The stored shutdown must be nil-safe — a signal arriving before PersistentPreRunE completed (i.e. before Setup) must be a no-op, never a panic. This is the one behavior that is easy to get wrong and is explicitly tested (§10).
• Setup failures (e.g. unusable exporter configuration) are logged as a warning and do not fail the run — telemetry must never break deployments. Export errors after startup surface only through OTel's own error handler, wired to the zap logger.

4.3 Verified context-reality map (as of this writing)

All claims below were checked against the code; line numbers are anchors for reviewers:

Path	Today	Consequence for tracing
cmd → app	app.New roots at context.Background(); ctx, Cancel = WithCancel(ctx) (pkg/app/app.go, New)	span must be injected here (§4.2)
app → all helm execs	getHelm() constructs the ShellRunner with Ctx: a.ctx (pkg/app/app.go:1008); the resulting execer is cached per (helm binary, kube-context) in a.helms and shared by all releases and workers (pkg/app/app.go:982–1021)	once App.ctx is span-rooted, every non-kubedog helm call nests automatically, with zero changes to getHelm. The shared-instance cache is also why per-release contexts must ride per-call parameters, never mutation of the shared execer
kubedog path (sync with tracking)	originally startBackgroundKubedogTracking(gocontext.Background(), …) (pkg/state/state.go), with bufferHelmOutput deriving releaseCtx := context.WithCancel(ctx) and swapping it in via execer.WithContext(releaseCtx) (pkg/state/helmx.go). Since #2791 the three call sites pass st.releaseCancelContext() — the app cancel context injected via HelmState.SetCancelContext — so SIGINT/SIGTERM reaches these helm subprocesses too (#2770)	trace context on this path is the same command span as everywhere else: the §4.4 bridge kept spans attached while cancellation was detached, and #2791 subsequently re-attached cancellation
hooks	both event.Bus constructions (triggerGlobalReleaseEvent, triggerReleaseEvent, pkg/state/state.go:3666, 3703) duplicate the same literal and pass no Runner, so the default kicks in: ShellRunner{Dir: bus.BasePath, Logger: bus.Logger, Ctx: goContext.TODO()} with an inline comment acknowledging it should be app.Ctx (pkg/event/bus.go:61–71)	hook execs are detached; spans would be orphans. Bridged in §4.4
non-kubedog release workers	release loops (SyncReleases etc., pkg/state/state.go:1212 ff.) call the shared helmexec.Interface with a HelmContext (pkg/helmexec/context.go) that carries no go-context	per-release spans need the §4.4 mechanism
subprocess funnel	exactly three ShellRunner construction sites exist (verified exhaustive): pkg/app/app.go:129 (Init, Ctx: a.ctx), pkg/app/app.go:1006 (getHelm, Ctx: a.ctx), and the hooks default (pkg/event/bus.go:62, Ctx: TODO — §4.4 bridge). Every external process helmfile itself starts goes through Execute/ExecuteStdIn (pkg/helmexec/runner.go); helm commands additionally funnel through execer.exec() (pkg/helmexec/exec.go:1207). Exception: kustomize executes inside the chartify library, outside this funnel (§12)	one instrumentation point covers everything except chartify-internal execs; spans nest wherever the runner's Ctx carries a span

Two pre-existing gaps surfaced by this analysis — kubedog tracking not being cancellable via App.ctx, and hooks likewise — are out of scope for this proposal beyond trace-context bridging (§4.4), because fixing their cancellation semantics would be a behavior change. They should be reported as separate issues. (Update: the kubedog gap was fixed by #2791 via HelmState.SetCancelContext; the hooks gap remains open as #2771.)

4.4 Context plan

Phase 1 (no state-package changes):

1. Root span ctx via telemetry.CommandContext() → app.New (§4.2). Every a.ctx-rooted exec nests. Discover/load/render spans in pkg/app also need no signature changes: the helmfile.load span starts inside loadDesiredStateFromYamlWithBaseDir (pkg/app/app.go:932) with a.ctx as parent — its two call sites (app.go:1045 and the nested-helmfile path at app.go:1280) are thereby both covered — and helmfile.render children parent through an unexported ctx field on the desiredStateLoader struct (pkg/app/desired_state_file_loader.go:29), set once at its single construction site (pkg/app/app.go:938). Zero method-signature changes, zero exported API.
2. Runner-level spans in ShellRunner.Execute/ExecuteStdIn nest for all non-kubedog, non-hook execs automatically.
3. Orphan-bridge for kubedog and hooks, with identical cancellation semantics:
   • kubedog: originally pass context.WithoutCancel(telemetry.CommandContext()) instead of gocontext.Background(). WithoutCancel preserved values (the span) while dropping cancellation — and Background never carried cancellation anyway, so SIGINT/timeout behavior stayed bit-for-bit unchanged; only trace context was added. (Phase 1 used the root span from telemetry.CommandContext(), which required no new plumbing in pkg/state; phase 2 re-parented under the per-release st.traceCtx.) Superseded by #2791: the three kubedog call sites now pass st.releaseCancelContext() — same command-span trace context, plus app cancellation, fixing #2770.
   • pkg/event/bus.go: add an optional Ctx context.Context field to Bus; the default runner construction uses bus.Ctx when set, TODO when nil (so behavior is unchanged for any nil-Ctx caller). The two construction sites in pkg/state/state.go:3666, 3703 set it from the same span-rooted, cancel-stripped context. Dir/Logger wiring of the default runner is untouched.

Phase 2 (per-release spans, still zero changes to helmexec.Interface signatures):

• Start helmfile.release.<verb> spans in the seven release-worker loops — six scatterGather sites in pkg/state/state.go (prepareSyncReleases:894, DeleteReleasesForSync:1135, SyncReleases:1241, PrepareCharts:2328, prepareDiffReleases:3068, DiffReleases:3266) plus iterateOnReleases (pkg/state/state_run.go:59, the shared loop behind test/lint/unittest-style iteration) — all following the same scatterGather shape. (An eighth scatterGather sites, scatterGatherEnvSecretFiles at pkg/state/create.go:486, decrypts environment secrets rather than processing releases; an optional helmfile.env_secrets span there is a follow-up in the spirit of §4.5 item 6.)
• Release spans are rooted via a new unexported traceCtx field on HelmState, exposed through a purely additive exported setter called by pkg/app right after state creation. (Why a setter and not a constructor parameter: st.logger is injected through state.NewCreator — a 9-positional-parameter exported function, pkg/state/create.go:80 — so threading a context through it would churn a public signature used by the app loader; an additive setter touches no existing signature and defaults to nil, i.e. current behavior.)
• Carry the span context per call by adding an optional Ctx context.Context field to HelmContext (pkg/helmexec/context.go), stamped inside createHelmContext (pkg/state/state.go:3168) so all eight call sites (state.go:1007, 1026, 1147, 1261, 3034, 3184, 3358, 3374) inherit it without per-call-site edits.
• Funnel it inside helmexec: the execer methods that take a HelmContext pass its Ctx to execWithContext, which injects the release span into the runner's own context (trace.ContextWithSpan) rather than replacing it — cancellation authority stays with the runner (including the kubedog safety valve installed via WithContext), which a naive context replacement would have overridden. A nil Ctx behaves exactly like the plain funnel. Helm-vs-other classification comes from an explicit marker stamped in the execer funnels (withRunnerCtx/markHelmRunner, value and pointer runner forms), not from the executable basename — so wrapper --helm-binary names classify correctly. The exectest.Helm fake is unaffected: app tests pre-seed App.helms with it (pkg/app/app_template_test.go:115–116), so it replaces the whole helmexec.Interface and bypasses execer internals entirely. Why per-call threading rather than the existing WithContext clone: WithContext (pkg/helmexec/exec.go:251) is suited to whole-execution substitution (kubedog path), but release workers share one cached execer across concurrent workers (§4.3), so a per-release context must travel with the per-release HelmContext parameter.

4.5 Instrumentation points (in priority order)

1. helmexec.ShellRunner.Execute / ExecuteStdIn (pkg/helmexec/runner.go) — the single choke point for every external process started by helmfile itself: helm invocations, hooks, and helmfile plugin execs. One span per subprocess: name helm.exec when cmd is the helm binary, else os.exec. The one exception is kustomize, which runs inside the github.com/helmfile/chartify library (see §5/§12). This instrumentation alone delivers most of the requested value (where does time go).
2. Root command span — cmd/root.go (see §4.2).
3. State loading — span helmfile.load started inside loadDesiredStateFromYamlWithBaseDir (pkg/app/app.go:932, covering both callers incl. nested helmfiles), with helmfile.render/helmfile.parse children in two_pass_renderer.go parented via the loader-struct ctx field (§4.4 step 1) — rendering is frequently the hidden time sink.
4. Per-release operations — release loops in pkg/state/state.go (phase 2, §4.4).
5. Hooks — pkg/event/bus.go Trigger (pkg/event/bus.go:56): span helmfile.hook with hook.event, hook.name attributes; naturally parents the os.exec span of the hook command once the §4.4 bridge is in place.
6. (Phase 2) kubedog wait spans, vals/remote secret resolution, helm repo retry loops.

5. Span taxonomy

Span name	Attributes (beyond standard otel.*)	Notes
helmfile <subcommand> (root)	helmfile.command, helmfile.file, helmfile.environment, helmfile.selectors, helmfile.exit_code	error status + recorded error on failure. Service identity (service.name, service.version) lives on the OTel resource, not on spans
helmfile.discover_states	helmfile.path	findDesiredStateFiles (pkg/app/app.go:1642)
helmfile.load	helmfile.state_file	one per file in helmfile.d, nested helmfiles
helmfile.render	helmfile.state_file, helmfile.pass=values|main	two-pass rendering (pkg/app/two_pass_renderer.go)
helmfile.repos.update	—	wraps helm repo update
helmfile.release.prepare	helmfile.release, helmfile.namespace, helmfile.chart, helmfile.chart_version	chart pull/build/registry login
helmfile.release.sync / .diff / .template / .delete / .test / .lint / .unittest	same as above + helmfile.labels	one per selected release (phase 2)
helmfile.hook	hook.event (presync/…), hook.name
helm.exec / os.exec	exec.command, exec.args (strict-redacted, plus URL userinfo/query masking via RedactedRef), exec.redacted, exec.exit_code (on failure), helm.subcommand (helm only)	one per external process; helm classification is marker-based (wrapper binaries included); release identity comes from the parent release span. Hooks, kustomize (invisible, §12), plugin execs land here too
Attribute values are strings/ints only; no structured payloads, no output capture in spans
(output already flows through logs).

6. Security and redaction

Traces leave the machine they run on. Ground rules, checked against what exists today:

1. The existing redaction is not sufficient on its own. The exit-error path (pkg/helmexec/exit_error.go:8–20) redacts only the argument following a flag whose name starts with --set (two-argument form). It does not cover the single-argument --set=key=value form, nor credential-bearing flags such as --username or --password. (Registry passwords themselves already travel via stdin — --password-stdin, pkg/helmexec/exec.go RegistryLogin — but usernames appear in args.) Therefore:
2. One shared redaction implementation, two profiles — spans get the strict superset without touching existing error output. Extract the exit-error redaction into an exported helper in pkg/helmexec (keeping it in the domain that owns flag semantics) with two profiles:
   • legacy: byte-identical to today's exit-error behavior — the current goldens in pkg/helmexec/exit_error_test.go (which assert the exact --set / *** STRIP *** shape) keep passing unchanged. The exit-error path switches to this profile, so error messages are unchanged.
   • strict: the superset required for spans — all --set* forms including --set=k=v, plus --username, --password, --key-file, --kube-token, ...; positional arguments are additionally passed through helmexec.RedactedRef, which masks go-getter forced forms (git::, s3::), whole URL userinfo, and credential-bearing query parameters, failing closed for malformed references. The previous token is always read from the original input so adjacent secret flags cannot leak. Both profiles are the same code path, so the span view is guaranteed at least as redacted as the error view. Unifying the two profiles (i.e. tightening exit-error messages too) would change observable output and is deliberately deferred to a separate follow-up PR with its own test updates — this proposal changes no existing message content.
3. Never record: vals://-resolved values, environment variables, exporter headers. OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_HEADERS is the only place collector credentials live; helmfile never logs it.
4. Chart/repo URLs go through the existing redactedURL (pkg/helmexec/exec.go:184) — credentials embedded in URLs are masked.
5. Release names, namespaces, chart names, and label selectors are assumed non-secret (consistent with existing helmfile log output).
6. Note for reviewers: execer.exec today logs the full unredacted command line at Debug level (pkg/helmexec/exec.go:1218). Span attributes deliberately do not mirror that log line; §10 pins this with a redaction test.

7. Performance and zero-impact guarantees

When disabled (the default):

• telemetry.Tracer returns the OTel no-op tracer. No-op span start/end is a few ns and allocation-free; provider setup, exporters, and the batch worker goroutine never start.
• telemetry.CommandContext() returns context.Background(); app.New behaves exactly as today. No flag checks appear in hot loops.

When enabled:

• Standard SDK BatchSpanProcessor (5s interval / 512-span batches); metrics use a periodic reader (default 60s, OTEL_METRIC_EXPORT_INTERVAL) with a final flush at exit. Three instruments exist — helmfile.helm.exec.duration, helmfile.release.duration, and helmfile.release.count — so metric cardinality stays tiny by default (bounded by subcommands and verbs, never by release names); HELMFILE_OTEL_METRICS_PER_RELEASE opts into name/namespace dimensions for bounded CI runs. A sync --concurrency=16 run produces at most one span per helm invocation plus one per release — hundreds, not tens of thousands. Export happens off the critical path; the only synchronous cost is the ≤5s shutdown flush, paid only when tracing is on.
• SDK spans and exporters are goroutine-safe; helmfile's parallel release workers need no extra locking.

Functional-impact checklist (the review criteria for every PR in §11):

1. No helmexec.Interface signature changes in any phase; getHelm() unchanged.
2. app.New changes one line (Background() → telemetry.CommandContext()), no call-site churn; cancellation semantics identical.
3. Kubedog and hook bridging uses context.WithoutCancel, which drops cancellation and keeps values — the swapped-out parents (Background/TODO) never propagated cancellation either, so SIGINT/timeout behavior is unchanged. (Superseded for kubedog by #2791, which re-roots tracking under the app cancel context; hooks stay bridged.)
4. Telemetry setup or export failures never fail or slow the run (warning log only, export off the critical path).
5. All pre-existing behavior, including the known cancellation gaps of §4.3 and the exact content of exit-error messages (legacy redaction profile, §6.2), is preserved bit-for-bit; gap fixes and redaction unification are out of scope and filed separately.

8. Dependency impact

The OTel libraries are already in the module graph as indirect dependencies, required transitively by existing direct dependencies (helm.sh/helm/v4 v4.2.4 requires go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.44.0; helm v3 and helmfile/vals also carry otel modules). Every module this proposal would import — otel, otel/trace, otel/sdk, otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracegrpc, .../otlptracehttp, otel/exporters/stdout/stdouttrace, and contrib/exporters/autoexport v0.67.0 — is already pinned in go.sum (verified), so promoting them to direct requires brings zero new modules to download. No conflict with existing OTel usage in the process: none of helmfile's direct dependencies registers OTel globals in library code — verified no SetTracerProvider call sites under helm v3/v4 pkg/, vals, or chartify (helm's own OTel wiring, where present, lives in its CLI layer, not the libraries helmfile imports). Choosing autoexport (§3.2) also means helmfile maintains no exporter-construction code; its RegisterSpanExporter hook covers any future backend (e.g. zipkin) without helmfile changes. Note the resulting defaults: http/protobuf on localhost:4318 unless the user overrides the protocol/endpoint.

9. Code layout of the change

cmd/root.go                      // --otel-tracing flag, Setup call, root span, shutdown handoff
main.go                          // shutdown on both exit and signal paths
pkg/config/global.go             // OtelTracing option (+ accessor on GlobalImpl)
pkg/envvar/const.go              // OtelTracing = "HELMFILE_OTEL_TRACING"
pkg/telemetry/…                  // new package (§4.1)
pkg/app/app.go                   // app.New: Background() → telemetry.CommandContext(); helmfile.load span; loader ctx wiring
pkg/app/desired_state_file_loader.go // ctx field on the unexported desiredStateLoader struct (render-span parent)
pkg/app/two_pass_renderer.go     // helmfile.render/helmfile.parse spans
pkg/helmexec/runner.go           // helm.exec / os.exec spans (single choke point)
pkg/helmexec/redact.go           // shared args redaction, legacy+strict profiles (extracted from exit_error.go)
pkg/helmexec/exit_error.go       // calls shared helper with legacy profile (output byte-identical)
pkg/helmexec/context.go          // HelmContext.Ctx field (phase 2)
pkg/helmexec/exec.go             // execCtx funnel beside exec/execStdIn (phase 2)
pkg/state/state.go               // WithoutCancel bridges (both event.Bus constructions; the kubedog call sites moved to st.releaseCancelContext() in #2791); release spans (phase 2)
pkg/state/helmx.go               // (no change — bridge happens at its caller)
pkg/event/bus.go                 // optional Ctx field consumed by the default runner
docs/experimental-features.md    // feature entry → promoted out when stable
docs/otel.md                     // user guide (config, backends, CI recipes, sample trace)

10. Testing strategy

1. Unit (pkg/telemetry): table-driven tests for enabled/disabled no-op guarantees, CommandContext() identity, default resource attributes (service.name=helmfile, service.version from pkg/app/version), and propagator extraction of TRACEPARENT. Global state reset via export_test.go so tests stay isolated.
2. Redaction (pkg/helmexec): table-driven tests for both profiles — legacy pinned byte-identical by the existing exit_error_test.go goldens; strict covering --set v and --set=k=v, --set-string/--set-file/--set-json, --username/--password, benign flags untouched. Pins §6.6.
3. Span-hierarchy golden tests: drive App with the existing fake helm (pkg/exectest/helm.go, pre-seeded into App.helms the way current app tests do) and an in-memory exporter; assert the span tree (names, parent links, order) for template/sync over a small fixture — catches context-plumbing regressions. Includes an orphan-span regression test for the kubedog and hook paths (§4.3): every exported span must have the root span as an ancestor.
4. OTLP end-to-end: an httptest server speaking OTLP/HTTP+protobuf, pointed at by OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_ENDPOINT; decode exported payloads (go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp, already in the graph) and assert count/attributes. Runs in unit-test context — no external collector needed in CI.
5. Lifecycle tests: shutdown flushes on command failure and on SIGINT, so spans never vanish on failing deploys — the case users care about most. (Requires extracting main.go's signal/select/exit logic into a small pure function; the extraction itself is behavior-preserving and covered by the same tests.) Also covers the nil-shutdown race noted in §4.2.
6. Regression suite: existing make test must pass unchanged with tracing compiled in but disabled. Note the existing pkg/app tests construct &App{...} literals directly and never call app.New, so they do not guard the §4.2 one-liner — PR 1 adds a targeted test asserting app.New roots cancellation (and the span) exactly as before.

11. Documentation & rollout

1. docs/otel.md — user guide: enabling, env vars, collector recipes (Jaeger all-in-one, Grafana Tempo, vendor SaaS), CI correlation via TRACEPARENT, sample trace reading. Linked from docs/index.md.
2. Feature listed under experimental in docs/experimental-features.md for one or two minor releases (feedback on span taxonomy is the main thing that may change), then promoted to stable with a CHANGELOG entry.
3. PR sequence (each independently shippable and revertible, each measured against the §7 functional-impact checklist):
   • PR 1: pkg/telemetry + flag/env + root span + lifecycle + app.New one-liner + docs + tests (§4.1–4.2).
   • PR 2: ShellRunner instrumentation + shared redaction extraction/extension (§4.4 phase-1 steps 2–3, §6) — the core value.
   • PR 3: load/render spans + hook bridging + per-release spans via HelmContext.Ctx/execCtx (§4.4 phase 2).
   • PR 4 (post-stabilization): metrics (e.g. helmfile.helm.exec.duration histogram, helmfile.release.count by result), kubedog/vals spans.

12. Future work (explicitly out of scope for v1)

• Metrics pipeline on the same provider (otel/sdk/metric with the same env-var config) — delivered: helmfile.helm.exec.duration, helmfile.release.count, and helmfile.release.duration via autoexport.NewMetricReader (OTEL_METRICS_EXPORTER); per-release name/namespace attributes on the duration histogram are opt-in via HELMFILE_OTEL_METRICS_PER_RELEASE (bounded dimensions by default).
• TRACEPARENT injection into helm subprocess env so chart-test hooks / plugins can extend the helmfile trace.
• Subprocesses started inside github.com/helmfile/chartify (kustomize, and any helm calls chartify makes) are invisible to ShellRunner instrumentation; options are a wrapper span around each chartify call in pkg/state, or upstream OTel support in chartify.
• Log-to-trace correlation (zap OTel appender).
• Remaining per-release instrumentation: the flag-preparation loops (prepareSyncReleases/prepareDiffReleases) and the exec nesting for helmexec.Interface methods that take no HelmContext (TemplateRelease/Lint/Unittest/Fetch) — their exec spans currently sit flat under the load span while the release span covers the surrounding work.
• Fixing the kubedog/hook cancellation gaps (§4.3) — separate issues filed from this design.

13. Alternatives considered

Alternative	Why rejected
Structured logs + collector-side parsing	No hierarchy/timing guarantees; every backend needs custom parsing; poor UX.
Prometheus metrics only	Shows counts/durations but not critical paths or nesting; the request is explicitly about tracing where time goes.
Hand-rolled exporter selection in helmfile	autoexport already exists in the dependency graph and implements the spec env vars (verified: v0.67.0 supports otlp/console/none, protocol dispatch, none detection); hand-rolled code is pure maintenance burden and would drift from the spec.
Helmfile-specific env vars for endpoint/headers etc.	Duplicates the OTel spec; standard vars are already what platform teams configure.
Full context.Context refactor of pkg/state first	Large, risky churn unrelated to the feature; the HelmContext.Ctx/execCtx design achieves nesting without it.
Using the existing WithContext clone for per-release spans	The cached, shared execer (a.helms) serves concurrent workers; per-release contexts must travel with the per-call HelmContext parameter, not via instance substitution.
Config-file (helmfile.yaml) telemetry settings	Telemetry is an operational/platform concern, not state authoring; flag+env matches how it's injected in CI.

14. Open questions

1. Propagation into helm subprocesses: should helmfile inject TRACEPARENT into the child process env (opt-in) so hooks/plugins can continue the trace? (§12)
2. Span-name taxonomy stability: do we commit to the §5 names as stable API for dashboard authors during the experimental window, or reserve the right to rename? Proposal: rename freely while experimental, freeze on promotion.
3. helmfile.d parallel mode: state-file spans are siblings under the root span — is a synthetic helmfile.parallel grouping span wanted, or does flat suffice?
4. Trace output when --log-level=debug: duplicate a compact span tree to stderr at shutdown for quick local triage without a collector?
5. Root span noise for trivial commands: helmfile version/help also run PersistentPreRunE — export a root span for them, or skip? (Proposal: skip via a short denylist; cosmetic.)