diff --git a/.github/workflows/build.yml b/.github/workflows/build.yml
index ceec335..082f118 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/build.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/build.yml
@@ -46,12 +46,16 @@ jobs:
           echo "==> Checking Perl syntax..."
           perl -c -I/tmp/pve-stub perl5/PVE/Storage/Custom/TrueNAS.pm \
             && echo "TrueNAS.pm: OK"
+          perl -c -I/tmp/pve-stub -I/tmp/pve-stub/.. \
+            perl5/PVE/Storage/Custom/TrueNASMultipath.pm \
+            && echo "TrueNASMultipath.pm: OK"
 
       - name: Perl static analysis (perlcritic)
         run: |
           echo "==> Running perlcritic..."
           perlcritic --profile .perlcriticrc \
-            perl5/PVE/Storage/Custom/TrueNAS.pm
+            perl5/PVE/Storage/Custom/TrueNAS.pm \
+            perl5/PVE/Storage/Custom/TrueNASMultipath.pm
 
       - name: Shell script lint (shellcheck)
         run: |
@@ -59,7 +63,9 @@ jobs:
           shellcheck --severity=warning \
             packaging/DEBIAN/postinst \
             packaging/DEBIAN/postrm \
-            packaging/DEBIAN-transitional/postinst
+            packaging/DEBIAN-transitional/postinst \
+            packaging/DEBIAN-multipath/postinst \
+            packaging/DEBIAN-multipath/postrm
           echo "Shell scripts OK"
 
   # ── Job 2: Build .deb ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
@@ -72,6 +78,7 @@ jobs:
       version:              ${{ steps.vars.outputs.version }}
       deb_file:             ${{ steps.vars.outputs.deb_file }}
       transitional_deb_file: ${{ steps.vars.outputs.transitional_deb_file }}
+      multipath_deb_file:   ${{ steps.vars.outputs.multipath_deb_file }}
       channel:              ${{ steps.vars.outputs.channel }}
       cloudsmith_repo:      ${{ steps.vars.outputs.cloudsmith_repo }}
       is_release:           ${{ steps.vars.outputs.is_release }}
@@ -129,10 +136,12 @@ jobs:
 
           DEB_FILE="${PACKAGE_NAME}_${VERSION}_all.deb"
           TRANSITIONAL_DEB_FILE="${TRANSITIONAL_PACKAGE_NAME}_${VERSION}_all.deb"
+          MULTIPATH_DEB_FILE="truenas-proxmox-multipath_${VERSION}_all.deb"
 
           echo "version=${VERSION}"                                   >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
           echo "deb_file=${DEB_FILE}"                                 >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
           echo "transitional_deb_file=${TRANSITIONAL_DEB_FILE}"       >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+          echo "multipath_deb_file=${MULTIPATH_DEB_FILE}"             >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
           echo "channel=${CHANNEL}"                                   >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
           echo "cloudsmith_repo=${CLOUDSMITH_REPO}"                   >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
           echo "is_release=${IS_RELEASE}"                             >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
@@ -198,21 +207,49 @@ jobs:
           echo "==> Transitional package contents:"
           find "${STAGING}" | sort
 
+      - name: Assemble multipath package staging directory
+        run: |
+          VERSION="${{ steps.vars.outputs.version }}"
+          STAGING="dist-multipath"
+
+          mkdir -p "${STAGING}/DEBIAN"
+          mkdir -p "${STAGING}/usr/share/truenas-proxmox-multipath"
+
+          sed "s/\${VERSION}/${VERSION}/" packaging/DEBIAN-multipath/control.j2 \
+            > "${STAGING}/DEBIAN/control"
+
+          cp packaging/DEBIAN-multipath/postinst "${STAGING}/DEBIAN/postinst"
+          cp packaging/DEBIAN-multipath/postrm   "${STAGING}/DEBIAN/postrm"
+          chmod 0755 "${STAGING}/DEBIAN/postinst" "${STAGING}/DEBIAN/postrm"
+
+          cp perl5/PVE/Storage/Custom/TrueNASMultipath.pm \
+            "${STAGING}/usr/share/truenas-proxmox-multipath/TrueNASMultipath.pm"
+          cp packaging/DEBIAN-multipath/multipath.conf.example \
+            "${STAGING}/usr/share/truenas-proxmox-multipath/multipath.conf.example"
+
+          mkdir -p "${STAGING}/usr/share/doc/truenas-proxmox-multipath"
+          gzip -9c packaging/DEBIAN-multipath/changelog.Debian \
+            > "${STAGING}/usr/share/doc/truenas-proxmox-multipath/changelog.Debian.gz"
+
+          echo "==> Multipath package contents:"
+          find "${STAGING}" | sort
+
       - name: Build .deb packages
         run: |
           sudo dpkg-deb -Zgzip --build dist             "${{ steps.vars.outputs.deb_file }}"
           sudo dpkg-deb -Zgzip --build dist-transitional "${{ steps.vars.outputs.transitional_deb_file }}"
+          sudo dpkg-deb -Zgzip --build dist-multipath    "${{ steps.vars.outputs.multipath_deb_file }}"
 
       - name: Verify .deb packages
         run: |
           echo "==> Package info (truenas-proxmox):"
           dpkg-deb --info "${{ steps.vars.outputs.deb_file }}"
           echo ""
-          echo "==> Package contents (truenas-proxmox):"
-          dpkg-deb --contents "${{ steps.vars.outputs.deb_file }}"
-          echo ""
           echo "==> Package info (freenas-proxmox transitional):"
           dpkg-deb --info "${{ steps.vars.outputs.transitional_deb_file }}"
+          echo ""
+          echo "==> Package info (truenas-proxmox-multipath):"
+          dpkg-deb --info "${{ steps.vars.outputs.multipath_deb_file }}"
 
       - name: Upload package artifacts
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
@@ -221,6 +258,7 @@ jobs:
           path: |
             ${{ steps.vars.outputs.deb_file }}
             ${{ steps.vars.outputs.transitional_deb_file }}
+            ${{ steps.vars.outputs.multipath_deb_file }}
           retention-days: 30
 
   # ── Job 3: Security scan ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
@@ -340,54 +378,55 @@ jobs:
             "https://x-access-token:${GH_TOKEN}@github.com/${{ github.repository }}.git" \
             "$PAGES_DIR"
 
-          # Add .deb files to the versioned pool directory
+          # Add .deb files to the versioned pool directories
           mkdir -p "${PAGES_DIR}/pool/v${MAJOR}"
+          mkdir -p "${PAGES_DIR}/pool/multipath/v${MAJOR}"
           cp "${{ needs.build.outputs.deb_file }}" "${PAGES_DIR}/pool/v${MAJOR}/"
           cp "${{ needs.build.outputs.transitional_deb_file }}" "${PAGES_DIR}/pool/v${MAJOR}/"
+          cp "${{ needs.build.outputs.multipath_deb_file }}" "${PAGES_DIR}/pool/multipath/v${MAJOR}/"
 
           # Install apt tooling
           sudo apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends dpkg-dev apt-utils
 
           # Determine which dists to update
-          # v2.x: update v2, main (alias), and v2 (explicit)
-          # v3.x and above: update only the versioned dist
           if [[ "$MAJOR" == "2" ]]; then
             DISTS="v2 main"
           else
             DISTS="v${MAJOR}"
           fi
 
-          for DIST in $DISTS; do
-            mkdir -p "${PAGES_DIR}/dists/${DIST}/main/binary-all"
-            mkdir -p "${PAGES_DIR}/dists/${DIST}/main/binary-amd64"
-            mkdir -p "${PAGES_DIR}/dists/${DIST}/main/binary-arm64"
-
-            # Generate Packages file (paths relative to repo root)
-            dpkg-scanpackages --multiversion "${PAGES_DIR}/pool/v${MAJOR}" \
+          _gen_component() {
+            local PAGES_DIR="$1" DIST="$2" COMP="$3" POOL="$4"
+            mkdir -p "${PAGES_DIR}/dists/${DIST}/${COMP}/binary-all"
+            mkdir -p "${PAGES_DIR}/dists/${DIST}/${COMP}/binary-amd64"
+            mkdir -p "${PAGES_DIR}/dists/${DIST}/${COMP}/binary-arm64"
+            dpkg-scanpackages --multiversion "$POOL" \
               | sed "s|^Filename: ${PAGES_DIR}/|Filename: |" \
-              > "${PAGES_DIR}/dists/${DIST}/main/binary-all/Packages"
-            gzip -kf "${PAGES_DIR}/dists/${DIST}/main/binary-all/Packages"
+              > "${PAGES_DIR}/dists/${DIST}/${COMP}/binary-all/Packages"
+            gzip -kf "${PAGES_DIR}/dists/${DIST}/${COMP}/binary-all/Packages"
+            touch "${PAGES_DIR}/dists/${DIST}/${COMP}/binary-amd64/Packages"
+            gzip -kf "${PAGES_DIR}/dists/${DIST}/${COMP}/binary-amd64/Packages"
+            touch "${PAGES_DIR}/dists/${DIST}/${COMP}/binary-arm64/Packages"
+            gzip -kf "${PAGES_DIR}/dists/${DIST}/${COMP}/binary-arm64/Packages"
+          }
 
-            # Empty arch-specific Packages — all our packages are Architecture: all;
-            # these files silence the apt "doesn't support architecture" warning on
-            # amd64 and arm64 hosts without duplicating package entries.
-            touch "${PAGES_DIR}/dists/${DIST}/main/binary-amd64/Packages"
-            gzip -kf "${PAGES_DIR}/dists/${DIST}/main/binary-amd64/Packages"
-            touch "${PAGES_DIR}/dists/${DIST}/main/binary-arm64/Packages"
-            gzip -kf "${PAGES_DIR}/dists/${DIST}/main/binary-arm64/Packages"
+          for DIST in $DISTS; do
+            _gen_component "$PAGES_DIR" "$DIST" "main" \
+              "${PAGES_DIR}/pool/v${MAJOR}"
+            _gen_component "$PAGES_DIR" "$DIST" "multipath" \
+              "${PAGES_DIR}/pool/multipath/v${MAJOR}"
 
-            # Generate Release file
+            # Generate Release file listing both components
             apt-ftparchive \
               -o "APT::FTPArchive::Release::Origin=truenas-proxmox" \
               -o "APT::FTPArchive::Release::Label=truenas-proxmox" \
               -o "APT::FTPArchive::Release::Suite=${DIST}" \
               -o "APT::FTPArchive::Release::Codename=${DIST}" \
-              -o "APT::FTPArchive::Release::Components=main" \
+              -o "APT::FTPArchive::Release::Components=main multipath" \
               -o "APT::FTPArchive::Release::Architectures=all amd64 arm64" \
               release "${PAGES_DIR}/dists/${DIST}" \
               > "${PAGES_DIR}/dists/${DIST}/Release"
 
-            # Sign → InRelease
             gpg --batch --yes \
               --passphrase "${APT_SIGNING_KEY_PASSPHRASE}" \
               --default-key "${GPG_KEY_ID}" \
@@ -433,32 +472,39 @@ jobs:
           # Replace pool/testing/ contents with the latest build only
           rm -rf "${PAGES_DIR}/pool/testing"
           mkdir -p "${PAGES_DIR}/pool/testing"
+          mkdir -p "${PAGES_DIR}/pool/multipath/testing"
           cp "${{ needs.build.outputs.deb_file }}" "${PAGES_DIR}/pool/testing/"
           cp "${{ needs.build.outputs.transitional_deb_file }}" "${PAGES_DIR}/pool/testing/"
+          cp "${{ needs.build.outputs.multipath_deb_file }}" "${PAGES_DIR}/pool/multipath/testing/"
 
           sudo apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends dpkg-dev apt-utils
 
           DIST="testing"
-          mkdir -p "${PAGES_DIR}/dists/${DIST}/main/binary-all"
-          mkdir -p "${PAGES_DIR}/dists/${DIST}/main/binary-amd64"
-          mkdir -p "${PAGES_DIR}/dists/${DIST}/main/binary-arm64"
 
-          dpkg-scanpackages --multiversion "${PAGES_DIR}/pool/testing" \
-            | sed "s|^Filename: ${PAGES_DIR}/|Filename: |" \
-            > "${PAGES_DIR}/dists/${DIST}/main/binary-all/Packages"
-          gzip -kf "${PAGES_DIR}/dists/${DIST}/main/binary-all/Packages"
+          _gen_component() {
+            local PAGES_DIR="$1" DIST="$2" COMP="$3" POOL="$4"
+            mkdir -p "${PAGES_DIR}/dists/${DIST}/${COMP}/binary-all"
+            mkdir -p "${PAGES_DIR}/dists/${DIST}/${COMP}/binary-amd64"
+            mkdir -p "${PAGES_DIR}/dists/${DIST}/${COMP}/binary-arm64"
+            dpkg-scanpackages --multiversion "$POOL" \
+              | sed "s|^Filename: ${PAGES_DIR}/|Filename: |" \
+              > "${PAGES_DIR}/dists/${DIST}/${COMP}/binary-all/Packages"
+            gzip -kf "${PAGES_DIR}/dists/${DIST}/${COMP}/binary-all/Packages"
+            touch "${PAGES_DIR}/dists/${DIST}/${COMP}/binary-amd64/Packages"
+            gzip -kf "${PAGES_DIR}/dists/${DIST}/${COMP}/binary-amd64/Packages"
+            touch "${PAGES_DIR}/dists/${DIST}/${COMP}/binary-arm64/Packages"
+            gzip -kf "${PAGES_DIR}/dists/${DIST}/${COMP}/binary-arm64/Packages"
+          }
 
-          touch "${PAGES_DIR}/dists/${DIST}/main/binary-amd64/Packages"
-          gzip -kf "${PAGES_DIR}/dists/${DIST}/main/binary-amd64/Packages"
-          touch "${PAGES_DIR}/dists/${DIST}/main/binary-arm64/Packages"
-          gzip -kf "${PAGES_DIR}/dists/${DIST}/main/binary-arm64/Packages"
+          _gen_component "$PAGES_DIR" "$DIST" "main" "${PAGES_DIR}/pool/testing"
+          _gen_component "$PAGES_DIR" "$DIST" "multipath" "${PAGES_DIR}/pool/multipath/testing"
 
           apt-ftparchive \
             -o "APT::FTPArchive::Release::Origin=truenas-proxmox" \
             -o "APT::FTPArchive::Release::Label=truenas-proxmox" \
             -o "APT::FTPArchive::Release::Suite=${DIST}" \
             -o "APT::FTPArchive::Release::Codename=${DIST}" \
-            -o "APT::FTPArchive::Release::Components=main" \
+            -o "APT::FTPArchive::Release::Components=main multipath" \
             -o "APT::FTPArchive::Release::Architectures=all amd64 arm64" \
             release "${PAGES_DIR}/dists/${DIST}" \
             > "${PAGES_DIR}/dists/${DIST}/Release"
@@ -487,6 +533,7 @@ jobs:
           files: |
             ${{ needs.build.outputs.deb_file }}
             ${{ needs.build.outputs.transitional_deb_file }}
+            ${{ needs.build.outputs.multipath_deb_file }}
           generate_release_notes: false
           body: |
             ## truenas-proxmox v${{ needs.build.outputs.version }}
diff --git a/packaging/DEBIAN-multipath/changelog.Debian b/packaging/DEBIAN-multipath/changelog.Debian
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5599546
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packaging/DEBIAN-multipath/changelog.Debian
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+truenas-proxmox-multipath (3.1.0-1) bookworm; urgency=low
+
+  * Initial release — kernel iSCSI multipath via iscsiadm + dm-multipath
+  * Registers 'truenas-multipath' PVE storage type
+  * Inherits all REST API and iSCSI resource management from truenas-proxmox
+  * path() returns /dev/mapper/<wwid> for QEMU block device access
+  * activate_volume() logs in via all configured portals
+  * Distributed via the 'multipath' apt component
+
+ -- KSA Technologies, LLC <theprofessor@ksatechnologies.com>  Sun, 07 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000
diff --git a/packaging/DEBIAN-multipath/control.j2 b/packaging/DEBIAN-multipath/control.j2
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8d65a77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packaging/DEBIAN-multipath/control.j2
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+Package: truenas-proxmox-multipath
+Version: ${VERSION}
+Architecture: all
+Maintainer: KSA Technologies, LLC <theprofessor@ksatechnologies.com>
+Depends: truenas-proxmox (>= 3.1.0), open-iscsi, multipath-tools
+Section: perl
+Priority: optional
+Homepage: https://github.com/TheGrandWazoo/truenas-proxmox
+Description: TrueNAS Multipath Storage Plugin for Proxmox VE
+ Extends truenas-proxmox with kernel iSCSI multipath support via iscsiadm
+ and dm-multipath. Registers a separate 'truenas-multipath' storage type
+ that presents /dev/mapper/<wwid> block devices to QEMU instead of
+ iscsi:// URIs, enabling active/active multipath with failover.
+ .
+ Requires two or more network paths between Proxmox and TrueNAS and
+ TrueNAS iSCSI portals configured on each path.
+ .
+ Licensed under the GNU Affero General Public License v3 (AGPL-3.0).
+ Copyright (c) 2020 KSA Technologies, LLC.
diff --git a/packaging/DEBIAN-multipath/multipath.conf.example b/packaging/DEBIAN-multipath/multipath.conf.example
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..320131d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packaging/DEBIAN-multipath/multipath.conf.example
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# /etc/multipath.conf — installed by truenas-proxmox-multipath
+# This file is only created if /etc/multipath.conf does not already exist.
+# If you have an existing multipath.conf, merge the 'devices' section below
+# into it manually.
+
+defaults {
+    find_multipaths  yes
+}
+
+devices {
+    device {
+        vendor                "TrueNAS"
+        product               "iSCSI Disk"
+        path_grouping_policy  multibus
+        path_checker          tur
+        failback              immediate
+        rr_weight             uniform
+        no_path_retry         5
+    }
+}
diff --git a/packaging/DEBIAN-multipath/postinst b/packaging/DEBIAN-multipath/postinst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ea8c35b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packaging/DEBIAN-multipath/postinst
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# postinst: truenas-proxmox-multipath install/upgrade script
+set -e
+
+INSTALL_DIR="/usr/share/truenas-proxmox-multipath"
+PLUGIN_DST="/usr/share/perl5/PVE/Storage/Custom/TrueNASMultipath.pm"
+MULTIPATH_CONF="/etc/multipath.conf"
+LOG_FILE="/var/log/truenas-proxmox-install.log"
+
+log() {
+    echo "[truenas-proxmox-multipath] $*" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
+}
+
+install_plugin() {
+    log "Installing ${PLUGIN_DST}"
+    mkdir -p "$(dirname "$PLUGIN_DST")"
+    cp "${INSTALL_DIR}/TrueNASMultipath.pm" "$PLUGIN_DST"
+}
+
+install_multipath_conf() {
+    if [ -f "$MULTIPATH_CONF" ]; then
+        log "${MULTIPATH_CONF} already exists — not overwriting"
+        log "Ensure it contains a 'devices' section for TrueNAS iSCSI Disk"
+        log "See ${INSTALL_DIR}/multipath.conf.example for reference"
+        return 0
+    fi
+    log "Installing ${MULTIPATH_CONF}"
+    cp "${INSTALL_DIR}/multipath.conf.example" "$MULTIPATH_CONF"
+    systemctl enable multipathd 2>/dev/null || true
+    systemctl start multipathd  2>/dev/null || true
+    log "multipathd enabled and started"
+}
+
+restart_pve_services() {
+    log "Restarting Proxmox VE services ..."
+    pvedaemon restart && log "pvedaemon restarted"
+    pveproxy restart  && log "pveproxy restarted"
+    log "Done. Refresh your Proxmox browser tab."
+}
+
+case "$1" in
+    configure)
+        log "Configuring truenas-proxmox-multipath (previous version: ${2:-none})"
+        install_plugin
+        install_multipath_conf
+        restart_pve_services
+        ;;
+    abort-upgrade|abort-remove|abort-deconfigure)
+        ;;
+    *)
+        echo "$0: called with unknown argument '$1'" >&2
+        exit 0
+        ;;
+esac
+
+exit 0
diff --git a/packaging/DEBIAN-multipath/postrm b/packaging/DEBIAN-multipath/postrm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ea065b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packaging/DEBIAN-multipath/postrm
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# postrm: truenas-proxmox-multipath remove/purge script
+set -e
+
+PLUGIN_DST="/usr/share/perl5/PVE/Storage/Custom/TrueNASMultipath.pm"
+LOG_FILE="/var/log/truenas-proxmox-install.log"
+
+log() {
+    echo "[truenas-proxmox-multipath] $*" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
+}
+
+case "$1" in
+    remove|purge)
+        if [ -f "$PLUGIN_DST" ]; then
+            log "Removing ${PLUGIN_DST}"
+            rm -f "$PLUGIN_DST"
+        fi
+
+        log "Restarting Proxmox VE services ..."
+        pvedaemon restart 2>/dev/null && log "pvedaemon restarted" || true
+        pveproxy restart  2>/dev/null && log "pveproxy restarted"  || true
+        log "Done."
+        ;;
+    upgrade|failed-upgrade|abort-install|abort-upgrade|disappear)
+        ;;
+    *)
+        echo "$0: called with unknown argument '$1'" >&2
+        exit 0
+        ;;
+esac
+
+exit 0
diff --git a/perl5/PVE/Storage/Custom/TrueNASMultipath.pm b/perl5/PVE/Storage/Custom/TrueNASMultipath.pm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3fd0b42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/perl5/PVE/Storage/Custom/TrueNASMultipath.pm
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+package PVE::Storage::Custom::TrueNASMultipath;
+
+# TrueNAS Multipath Storage Plugin for Proxmox VE
+#
+# Extends TrueNAS.pm with kernel iSCSI multipath support (iscsiadm + dm-multipath).
+# Registers as PVE storage type 'truenas-multipath'.
+#
+# Requires: truenas-proxmox >= 3.1.0, open-iscsi, multipath-tools
+# Auth:     Same Bearer token model as TrueNAS.pm
+# Path:     /dev/mapper/<wwid> instead of iscsi:// — QEMU uses the block device directly
+
+use strict;
+use warnings;
+
+use PVE::Storage::Custom::TrueNAS;
+use base qw(PVE::Storage::Custom::TrueNAS);
+
+# ── Plugin identity ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+sub type { return 'truenas-multipath'; }
+
+sub plugindata {
+    return {
+        content => [ { images => 1 }, { images => 1 } ],
+        format  => [ { raw    => 1 }, 'raw' ],
+    };
+}
+
+# ── Config properties (extends parent) ───────────────────────────────────────
+
+sub properties {
+    my $props = PVE::Storage::Custom::TrueNAS::properties();
+    $props->{truenas_portals} = {
+        description => "Comma-separated iSCSI portal IP addresses for multipath "
+                     . "(e.g. '172.31.69.91,192.168.69.91'). Each portal is logged "
+                     . "into separately; dm-multipath aggregates the sessions.",
+        type        => 'string',
+    };
+    return $props;
+}
+
+sub options {
+    my $opts = PVE::Storage::Custom::TrueNAS::options();
+    $opts->{truenas_portals} = { optional => 0 };
+    return $opts;
+}
+
+# ── Private helpers ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+# Parse truenas_portals into a list of IP strings.
+sub _portals {
+    my ($scfg) = @_;
+    return grep { length } split /\s*,\s*/, ($scfg->{truenas_portals} // '');
+}
+
+# Convert TrueNAS NAA string (e.g. "0x6589cfc...") to the dm-multipath WWID
+# used in /dev/mapper/ (e.g. "36589cfc...").
+sub _naa_to_wwid {
+    my ($naa) = @_;
+    $naa =~ s/^0x//i;
+    return "3$naa";
+}
+
+# Run an iscsiadm command, returning (exit_code, output).
+# Suppresses errors that indicate a session already exists.
+sub _iscsiadm {
+    my (@args) = @_;
+    my $out = '';
+    open(my $fh, '-|', 'iscsiadm', @args, '2>&1')
+        or return (1, "failed to exec iscsiadm: $!");
+    $out = do { local $/; <$fh> };
+    close $fh;
+    my $rc = $? >> 8;
+    return ($rc, $out);
+}
+
+# Wait up to $timeout seconds for a block device path to appear.
+sub _wait_for_device {
+    my ($path, $timeout) = @_;
+    $timeout //= 30;
+    while ($timeout-- > 0) {
+        return 1 if -b $path;
+        sleep 1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+# ── Path — block device via dm-multipath ─────────────────────────────────────
+
+sub path {
+    my ($class, $scfg, $volname, $storeid, $snapname) = @_;
+
+    PVE::Storage::Custom::TrueNAS::_resolve_token($storeid, $scfg);
+
+    my $ext = PVE::Storage::Custom::TrueNAS::_find_extent($scfg, $volname);
+    die "Volume '$volname' has no iSCSI extent on $scfg->{truenas_host}.\n" unless $ext;
+
+    my $wwid = _naa_to_wwid($ext->{naa})
+        or die "Volume '$volname' has no NAA/WWID on $scfg->{truenas_host}.\n";
+
+    return ("/dev/mapper/$wwid", $ext->{lun_id}, $storeid);
+}
+
+# ── qemu_blockdev_options — not used (path returns a block device) ────────────
+
+# The base class qemu_blockdev_options builds an iscsi:// blockdev.
+# For multipath we return undef so PVE uses path() instead.
+sub qemu_blockdev_options { return undef; }
+
+# ── activate_volume — login via all portals, wait for mapper device ───────────
+
+sub activate_volume {
+    my ($class, $storeid, $scfg, $volname, $snapname, $cache) = @_;
+
+    PVE::Storage::Custom::TrueNAS::_resolve_token($storeid, $scfg);
+
+    my $ext = PVE::Storage::Custom::TrueNAS::_find_extent($scfg, $volname);
+    die "Volume '$volname' has no iSCSI extent on $scfg->{truenas_host}.\n" unless $ext;
+    die "Volume '$volname' is not mapped to any iSCSI target.\n"
+        unless defined $ext->{target_id};
+
+    my $t   = PVE::Storage::Custom::TrueNAS::_api($scfg, 'GET',
+                  "/iscsi/target/id/$ext->{target_id}") // {};
+    my $iqn = PVE::Storage::Custom::TrueNAS::_basename($scfg) . ":$t->{name}";
+
+    my $wwid = _naa_to_wwid($ext->{naa})
+        or die "Volume '$volname' has no NAA/WWID.\n";
+    my $mapper = "/dev/mapper/$wwid";
+
+    return if -b $mapper;    # already active
+
+    my @portals = _portals($scfg);
+    die "No portals configured — set truenas_portals in storage config.\n" unless @portals;
+
+    PVE::Storage::Custom::TrueNAS::_log('info',
+        "multipath activate: $volname  iqn=$iqn  wwid=$wwid  portals=" . join(',', @portals));
+
+    for my $ip (@portals) {
+        my $portal = "$ip:3260";
+
+        # Ensure node entry exists
+        _iscsiadm('-m', 'node', '-T', $iqn, '-p', $portal, '-o', 'new');
+
+        # Login — ISCSI_ERR_SESS_EXISTS (15) is fine
+        my ($rc, $out) = _iscsiadm('-m', 'node', '-T', $iqn, '-p', $portal, '--login');
+        if ($rc && $rc != 15) {
+            die "iscsiadm login to $portal failed (rc=$rc): $out\n";
+        }
+    }
+
+    # Tell multipathd to rescan now
+    system('multipathd', 'reconfigure') if -x '/usr/sbin/multipathd';
+    system('multipath') if !-b $mapper;
+
+    unless (_wait_for_device($mapper, 30)) {
+        die "Multipath device $mapper did not appear after 30s. "
+          . "Check that multipathd is running and multipath.conf includes TrueNAS devices.\n";
+    }
+
+    PVE::Storage::Custom::TrueNAS::_log('info', "multipath activate: $mapper ready");
+    return;
+}
+
+# ── deactivate_volume — logout from all portals, flush mapper device ──────────
+
+sub deactivate_volume {
+    my ($class, $storeid, $scfg, $volname, $snapname, $cache) = @_;
+
+    PVE::Storage::Custom::TrueNAS::_resolve_token($storeid, $scfg);
+
+    my $ext = PVE::Storage::Custom::TrueNAS::_find_extent($scfg, $volname);
+    return unless $ext && defined $ext->{target_id};
+
+    my $t   = PVE::Storage::Custom::TrueNAS::_api($scfg, 'GET',
+                  "/iscsi/target/id/$ext->{target_id}") // {};
+    my $iqn = PVE::Storage::Custom::TrueNAS::_basename($scfg) . ":$t->{name}";
+
+    my $wwid   = _naa_to_wwid($ext->{naa} // '');
+    my $mapper = $wwid ? "/dev/mapper/$wwid" : undef;
+
+    # Flush multipath device first
+    if ($mapper && -b $mapper) {
+        system('multipath', '-f', $wwid);
+    }
+
+    for my $ip (_portals($scfg)) {
+        my $portal = "$ip:3260";
+        _iscsiadm('-m', 'node', '-T', $iqn, '-p', $portal, '--logout');
+        _iscsiadm('-m', 'node', '-T', $iqn, '-p', $portal, '-o', 'delete');
+    }
+
+    PVE::Storage::Custom::TrueNAS::_log('info', "multipath deactivate: $volname done");
+    return;
+}
+
+1;